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BOOK 

OF 



VETERINARY DOSES 



THERAPEUTIC TERMS 

AND 

PRESCRIPTION WRITING 

BY 
PIERRE A, FISH. D.Sc, D.V.M. 

Professor of Veterinary Physiology 
New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University 



FOURTH EDITION 
REVISED AND ENLARGED 



CARPENTER & CO. 

ITHACA. N. Y. 

1912 






COPYRIGHT. 1912 

BY 
CARPENTER & CO. 



<^ 



£CI,A3ia272 



PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. 

The desire of the writer to place before the 
veterinary students and profession a convenient 
and ready reference to information concerned 
with dosage, prescription writing, incompati- 
bility and antidotes for poisons, etc., has ap- 
parently been fulfilled by the call for a fourth 
edition. 

In the present edition a few tables and points 
of physiologic interest have been added, which, 
it is hoped, will increase the value of the work. 

Care has been taken to minimize errors as 
far as possible. Wherever they have crept in, 
the writer would be grateful for any informa- 
tion to that effect and furthermore would wel- 
come any suggestions for improvement. 

Jan. 1912. P. A. P. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Dosage or Posology 5 

Pharmacopoeial Changes 7 

Veterinary Doses 14 

Therapeutic Terms •. 50 

Termination of Medical Terms 64 

Prescription Writing 68 

Weights and Measures 83 

The Principles of Combining Drugs in a 

Prescription 86 

Examples of Prescriptions 90 

Thermometric Equivalents 99 

Deliquescent and Efflorescent Salts 101 

Latin Words and Phrases with Abbrevia- 
tions and English Equivalents 102 

Incompatibility 110 

Examples of Incompatibility in Prescrip- 
tions 136 

Poisons and their Antidotes 144 

Classification of Medicines according to 

their Physiologic Actions 164 

Physiological Points for Practitioners 181 

Pages for Selected Prescriptions 186 



DOSAGE OR POSOLOGY 



The most accurate system of dosage is to 
administer a given weight of medicine per kilo- 
gram or pound weight of the animal. Although 
this is frequently done in experimental work, 
the practice is attended with so much incon- 
venience when applied to the routine of the 
practitioner that the system is, for ordinary 
purposes, regarded as impracticable. A more 
or less arbitrary method is adopted by fixing 
tlie amount to be given to the different animals. 
Except, perhaps, in the case of powerful medi- 
cines or poisons, there is considerable latitude 
allowed in the amount of the doses. In veteri- 
nary practice the dose for the horse is com- 
monly taken as the standard and the doses of 
the other domestic animals may be reckoned 
from this. As for example: 
If the dose for the horse is 1 (Say 2 ounces) 
the doje f< r the cow would be H ( 

Sheep and goat \ ( 

Swine | ( 

Dog j\ ( 

Cat 3V ( 

In general the dose for the dog is about the 
same as the human dose, but the size of the dog 
must be considered. Reckoning from the dose 
for the dog or man as the standard; the pig 
would take twice as much, the sheep and goat 
three times as much, the horse sixteen times as 
much and the cow twenty-four times as much. 
The dose for the cat is usually one-half as much 
as for the dog. In many cases the dose for the 
horse and cow would be the same; the higher 
dose for the cow is usually recommended on the 



8 


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6 

ground of a slower rate of absorption because of 
the compound stomach and a larger mass of 
food with which the medicines mix before ab- 
sorption may occur. 

In the list of doses which follows, the horse 
and cow have been placed in the same group, 
and the sheep and the swine have been placed 
in a group by themselves. The dose given in 
either case is the average dose, but from the 
explanation just given, the dose, in most in- 
stances, may be increased somewhat for either 
the cow or the sheep. 

In a general way the doses of different prepa- 
rations of drugs for the horse may be given 
upon the following basis. If there is error in 
this classification, it is upon the safe and con- 
servative side of too little rather than too 
much. Poisons and powerful medicines are, of 
course, an exception. 

Fluidextracts one fluidram 

Powders (not alkaloids) one dram 

Tinctures one fluid ounce 

Hypodermics of alkaloids are given usually at 
one-half the dose by mouth. Intravenous doses 
one-half or two-thirds of the hypodermic dose. 
Rectal doses should be the same as those given 
by the mouth. In the following tables the doses 
are intended for administration by mouth unless 
otherwise stated. 

On account of idiosyncrasy or individual sus- 
ceptibility, it is safer in the case of new or 
powerful drugs, to try the minimum doses first 
and if the physiologic effects are not produced, 
gradually lead up to the maximum doses. 



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^ 



THERAPEUTIC TERMS 



50 
THERAPEUTIC TERMS. 



Abluent, a cleansing agent. (Soap and 
water.) 

Abortifacient. An agent causing premature 
birth of young. (Ergot.) 

Absorbent. An agent causing absorption of 
exudates or diseased tissues. (Iodine. Chalk.) 

Acrid. A sharp, biting substance. (Pepper.) 

Adjuvant. A medicine that assists the action 
of another. (Calomel with Aloes.) 

Aliment. A material which nourishes. 
(Food.) 

Alkaloid. A term derived from the Arabic 
"Alkali" for Potash. The ending oid is from 
the Greek which means like, hence "Alkaloid" 
is a substance which reacts with litmus like an 
alkali and forms a salt with an acid. The 
prefix in "Alkali" is the Arabic "al" which is the 
definite article, "the," hence "alkali" literally 
means "the Potash." The modern use of the 
term alkaloid, however, has no reference to pot- 
ash, but is used to designate a certain class of 
active principles obtained from plants. They 
are organic bases containing nitrogen and form 
salts with acids. (Atropine.) 

Alterative. A medicine used to modiiy nu- 
trition so as to overcome morbid processes. (Po- 
tassium Iodide.) 

Analgesic. A medicine used to alleviate pain. 
(Opium.) 

Anaphrodisiac. a medicine used to allay 
sexual excitement. (Potassium Bromide.) 

Anesthetic. An agent used to produce insen- 
sibility to pain. (Chloroform.) 



51 

Anhidrotic. An agent which lessens the se- 
cretion of sweat. (Belladonna.) 

Anodyne. An agent which diminishes sensi- 
bility to pain. (Compound Spirit of Ether.) 

Antacid. A medicine used to neutralize acids 
in the stomach and intestines. (Liquor Po- 
tassae.) 

Antagonist. A medicine which opposes the 
action of another medicine in the system. (Po- 
tassium Bromide and Strychnine.) 

Anthelmintic. A remedy for destroying or 
expelling worms or to prevent their develop- 
ment. (Santonin.) 

Antidote. A substance to counteract poisons. 
(Sulphates in Carbolic Acid poisoning.) 

Anti-emetic. An agent which allays vomit- 
ing. (Bismuth Subnitrate.) 

Antifebrile. An agent fol" the reduction of 
fever. (Acetanilid.) 

Antilithic. An agent tending to dissolve or 
cure stone or gravel. (Potassium Citrate.) 

Antiparasitic. A substance that destroys or 
drives away insects, (.ulssential Oils.) 

Antiperiodic. a medicine which tends to 
prevent the periodic recurrence of disease. 
(Quinine.) 

Antiphlogistic. Any medicine or treatment 
which tends to check inflammation. (Aconite.) 

Antipyretic A medicine to reduce body 
temperature in fevers. (Salicylic Acid.) 

Antiseptic An agent antagonizing sepsis or 
putrefaction. (Carbolic Acid.) 

r 

Antispasmodic A medicine for preventing or 
relieving spasms. (Valerian.) 



52 

A.NTITHERMIC. An agent for the reduction of 
high temperature. (Antipyrin.) 

Antizymotic. a substance preventing fer- 
mentation. (Salicylic Acid.) 

Aperient. A mild ageni for opening the bow- 
els. (Rochelle Salts.) 

Aphrodisiac. An agent for stimulating sexual 
power. (Damiana.) 

Aromatic. A medicine possessing a spicy or 
pungent taste and odor, and more or less stimu- 
lating to the mucosa of the alimentary tract. 
(Cardamom.) 

Astringent. A medicine causing contraction 
or constriction of tissues. (Tannin.) 

Auxiliary. A medicine that assists another. 
(Chloral with Potassium Bromide.) 

Bitter. A medicine with a bitter taste stimu- 
lating the gastro-intestinal mucosa without ma- 
terially affecting the general system. (Gentian.) 

Blenorrhagic. a remedy for increasing the 
secretion of mucus. (Balsam Tolu.) 

Blister. An agent, which when applied to 
the skin, causes a local inflammatory exudation 
of serum under the epidermis. (Cantharides.) 

Cachexia. A term used to designate any mor- 
bid tendency, dyscrasia, or depraved condition 
of general nutrition, etc., used particularly in 
connection with scrofula, syphilis, cancer, etc. 

Calefacient. a medicine applied externally 
to produce a sensation of warmth to the part to 
which it is applied. (Mustard.) 

Calmant. a medicine which lowers func- 
tional activity. (Aconite.) 

Calmative. A medicine which quiets. (Mor- 
phine.) 



53 

Calorifacient. a substance whicJi has the 
power of developing heat in the system. (Fats, 
Cod Liver Oil.) 

Calorific. Same as Calorifacient. 

Cardiac Depressant. A medicine to reduce 
the heart's action. (Veratrine.) 

Cardiac Stimulant. A medicine used to in- 
crease the heart's action. (IJigitalis.) 

Carminative. A remedy which allays pain by 
causing the expulsion of flatus from the alimen- 
tary canal. (Asafetida.) 

Cataleptic. An agent causing animals to lose 
power over their muscles. (Cannabis.) 

Catalytic. A medicine counter-acting or de- 
stroying morbid agencies in the blood. (Calo- 
mel.) 

Cathartic. A medicine which quickens or 
increases evacuations from the intestines. (Cas- 
tor Oil.) 

Cathartic, Cholagogue. An agent stimulat- 
ing the stool and flow of bile at the same time. 
(Podophyllin.) 

Cathartic, Drastic. A medicine producing 
violent action of the bowels with griping pain. 
( Jalap. ) 

Cathartic, Hydragogue. A remedy which 
causes copious watery stools. (Elaterium.) 

Cathartic, Saline. Neutral salts of metals 
of the alkalies or alkaline earths which increase 
the stools. (Magnesium Sulphate.) 

Cathartic, Simple. A substance which causes 
one or two actions of the bowels. (Senna.) 

Caustic. An agent used to destroy living 
tissue. (Silver Nitrate.) 



54 

Cautery. A substance used to corrode or de- 
stroy living tissues. (Nitric Acid.) 

Cautery, Actual. A heated metal or fire em- 
ployed to destroy living flesh. 

Cautery, Potential. A chemical used to de- 
stroy flesh. (Nitric Acid.) 

Chalybeate. A/conic containing iron. (Tinct- 
ure of Chloride of Iron.) 

Cholagogue. a drug provoking the flow of 
bile. (Podophyllum.) 

Condiment. A substance used to improve the 
savor of food. (Salt, Pepper.) 

Conservative. A substance used for the pres- 
ervation of others. (Honey.) 

Constringent. An agent producing constric- 
tion of organic tissue. (Oak Bark.) 

CoNvuLSANT. A mediciue causing convulsions. 
(Strychnine.) 

Cordial. A medicine which increases the 
strength and raises the spirits when depressed. 
(Alcohol.) 

Corrective. An agent used to correct or ren- 
der more pleasant the action of other remedies, 
especially purgatives. (Coriander.) 

Corrosive. A substance which disorganizes 
or destroys living tissue. (Nitric Acid.) 

Counter Irritant. A remedy used to pro- 
duce an irritation in one part to relieve a pain 
in another part. (Blister.) 

Cumulative Poison. A poison which finally 
acts with violence after several successive doses 
have been taken with little or no apparent effect. 
(Strychnine.) 

Debilitant. An agent which diminishes the 
energy of organs. (Lobelia.) 



55 

Defervescent. An agent to reduce fever, 
(Aconite.) 

Delibiant. a substance which produces de- 
lirium. (Stramonium.) 

Delirifacient, (like deliriant). Tending to 
cause delirium. (Alcohol.) 

Demulcent. A mucilaginous or oily sub- 
stance to soothe and protect irritated mucous 
membranes. (Ulmus.) 

Deobstruent. a medicine to remove func- 
tional obstructions in the system. (Aloes.) 

Deodorant. A substance to conceal or de- 
stroy foul odors. (Phenol.) 

Deodobizeb (like deodorant) to hide or de- 
stroy foul odors. (Chlorine.) 

Depilatory. A substance to remove hair. 
(Barium Sulphide.) 

Depletive. A substance to reduce the vital 
power of the system. (Aconite.) 

Depletory. An agent to diminish the quan- 
tity of liquid in the body. (Potassium Nitrate.) 

Depressant. An agent to lower the vital 
power. (Aconite.) 

Depresso-Motor. a medicine to lessen motor 
activity. (Bromides.) 

Depurant. An agent to cleanse foul sores, 
etc. (Hydrogen Dioxide.) 

Depurative. a medicine to act upon the 
emunctories so as to cause excretion and thereby 
purify the system. (Hot Drinks.) 
, Depuratory. An agent to purify the blood, 
etc. (Sulphur.) 

Dermatic. A remedy used in skin diseases. 
(Resorcin.) 



56 

Dermic, A medicine acting through the skin. 
(Liniments.) 

Derivative. An agent to draw the fluids 
from one part of the body to another to lessen or 
relieve a morbid process. (Mustard.) 

Desiccant. a medicine or application for 
drying up sores. (Boric Acid.) 

Desiccative. An application for drying up 
secretions. (Zinc Oxide.) 

Desiccatory. a remedy applied externally 
to dry up the moisture or fluids from a wound. 
(Starch.) 

Desquamatic. a remedy to remove scales 
from the skin or bones. (Potassium Iodide.) 

Detergent. An agent to cleanse wounds and 
ulcers. (Soap and Water.) 

Diaphoretic. A medicine to produce sweat- 
ing. (Pilocarpine.) 

Diarrhetic. a remeciy producing profuse 
stools. (Mandrake.) 

Dietetic. A nutritious remedy. (Arrow- 
Root.) 

Digestant. a substance to aid the solution of 
food in the mouth, stomach, or intestines. (Pep- 
sin, Pancreatin.) 

Digestive. A tonic which promotes digestive 
processes. (Quassia.) 

Diluent. A medicine to dilute secretions and 
excretions. (Gamboge.) 

Discutient. a remedy to effect the absorp- 
tion of tumors. 

Disinfectant. A substance with the power 
of destroying disease germs or the noxious prop- 
erties of decaying organic matter. (Formalde- 
hyde.) 



Dissolvent. A remedy promoting solution of 
tissue. (Iodides.) 

Diuretic. A drug to increase the secretion of 
urine. (Buchu.) 

Drastic An agent to cause violent action of 
the bowels. (Croton Oil.) 

EcBOLic. A drug to produce abortion. 
(Ergot.) 

Electuary. A composition of soft consistence 
taken internally to allay irritation or alleviate 
disease. (Honey, Molasses.) 

Eliminative. An agent to remove material 
from the body. (Magnesium Sulphate.) 

Emetic. A medicine to produce vomiting. 
(Ipecac.) 

EmmejN'agogue. a drug to stimulate menstru- 
ation. (Potassium Permanganate.) 

Emollient. A substance used externally to 
mechanically soften and protect tissues. (Flax- 
seed Poultice, Oils.) 

Epispastic. An agent to produce a blister. 
(Strong Ammonia.) 

Errhine. An agent to increase the nasal se- 
cretions. (Formalin.) 

Escharotic. a substance to destroy tissue. 
(Chromic Acid.) 

Evacuant. a medicine to expel substances 
from the body — chiefly with reference to the in- 
testines. (Aloes.) 

Excitant. An agent to arouse vital activity, 
or to produce increased action in an organism 
or any of its tissues. (Nux Vomica.) 

Exhilarant. An agent to stimulate the 
mind. (Alcohol.) 



58 

Expectorant. A medicine to act upon the 
pulmonary mucous membrane to increase or 
alter its secretions. (Ammonium Chloride.) 

Febrifuge. An agent to decrease fever. 
(Aconite.) - 

Galactagogue. a medicine to increase the 
secretion of milk. (Pilocarpine.) 

Germicide. An agent to destroy parasites. 
(Carbolic Acid.) 

Hematinic. a tonic for the blood. (Hemo- 
globin. Iron Preparations.) 

Hemolytic, An agent which impoverishes 
the blood. (Mineral Acids.) 

Hemostatic. A remedy to check bleeding. 
(Iron Subsulphate. Monsell's Powder.) 

Hepatic Depressant or Sedative. A medi- 
cine to decrease the functions of the liver. 
(Opium.) 

Hepatic Stimulant. A drug to increase the 
liver's functions. (Nitrohydrochloric Acid.) 

Hydragogue. An agent causing full watery 
discharges from the bowels. (Gamboge.) 

Hydrotic or Hidirotic. An agent to produce 
perspiration. (Spirit Nitrous Ether.) 

Hyperesthetic. Increasing the sensitiveness 
of the skin. 

Hypnotic. A drug producing sleep. (Chloral.) 

Hyposthenic. a debilitating medicine. (Lo-« 
belia.) 

Incitant. a remedy to excite functional ac- 
tivity. (Strychnine.) 

Insecticide. A remedy to destroy insects. 
(Benzine.) 

Intoxicant. An agent to excite or stupefy. 
(Alcohol.) 



59 

Irritant. A substance causing irritation, 
pain, inflammation and tension, either by me- 
chanical or chemical action. (Heat, Mustard.) 

Lactagogue. An agent to increase the secre- 
tion of milk. (Malt.) 

Laxative. A medicine acting mildly in open- 
ing or loosening the bowelg. (Sulphur.) 

Lenitive. An agent having the quality of 
easing pain or protecting tissues from the action 
of irritants. (Oils.) 

LiQUEFACiENT. An agent promoting the liqui- 
fying processes of the system. (Iodine.) 

LiTHAGOGUE. An agcut to expel calculi from 
bladder or kidney. (Benzoic Acid or Benzoates.) 

LiTHOLYTic. An agent to dissolve gravel. 
(Ammonium Benzoate.) 

LiTHONTRiPTic. An agent to dissolve gravel. 
(Potassium Carbonate.) 

Local Anesthetic. A medicine to destroy 
sensation, when applied locally. (Cocaine Hy- 
drochloride.) 

Local Astringent. An agent to contract the 
tissues with which it comes in contact. (Lead 
Acetate.) 

Lubricant. An agent to soothe irritation in 
the throat, fauces, etc. (Olive Oil. Honey.) 

Mechanical. An agent acting on a physical 
basis. (Slippery Elm.) 

Medicament. Any agent used for curing dis- 
eases or wounds. (Belladonna.) 

Medicine. A substance administered in the 
treatment of disease. (Arsenic.) 

Mydriatic. An agent causing dilatation of 
the pupil. (Atropine. Cocaine.) 



60 

Myotic. A drug causing contraction of the 
pupil. (Morphine.) 

Narcotic A powerful remedy causing stupor. 
(Opium.) 

Nauseant. a substance causing sickness in 
the stomach. (Ipecac.) 

Nephritic. Medicine used in renal diseases. 
(Uva Ursi.) 

Nervine. Medicine to calm the nervous sys- 
tem. (Bromides.) 

Neurotic. A medicine acting upon the nerv- 
ous system. (Camphor Monobromide.) 

Nutrient. A substance to build up the 
wasted tissues of the system. (Cod Liver Oil.) 

Nutriment. Any substance which promotes 
growth and repairs the waste of the tissues. 
(Food.) 

Obtundent. An agent which relieves irrita- 
tion or reduces sensibility. (Opium.) 

Odontalgic. An agent for the relief of tooth- 
ache. (Oil of Cloves.) 

Odorant. a subsiance with a pronounced 
odor. (Musk.) 

Opiate. A medicine causing sleep. (Opium, 
Chloral.) 

Oxytocic An agent lo aid or produce parturi- 
tion. (Ergot. Cotton Root.) 

OxYURiciDE. An agent destructive to parasi- 
tic (Oxyuris) worms. (Santonin.) 

Pabulum, Any material which affords nour- 
ishment to the tissues. (Food.) 

Palliative. A remedy for the relief but not 
necessarily the cure of a disease. (Morphine.) 

Panacea. A remedy pretending to cure all 
diseases, (Some Patent Medicines.) 



61 

Parasiticide. A remedy for the destruction 
of parasites, (Calcium Sulphide.) 

Parturient or Parturifacient. A medicine to 
aid in the birth of the young. (Ustilago.) 

Peristaltic. A drug increasing the move- 
ment or contraction of the intestines. (Strych- 
nine.) 

Placebo. An inert substance given to satisfy 
a patient. (Sugar of Milk, Bread Pill.) 

Poisox. A substance which in sufficient 
amount is destructive to life. (Prussic Acid.) 

Potential. A remedy which though power- 
ful, is somewhat delayed in its action. (Ar- 
senic.) 

Preservative. An agent to prevent deteriora- 
tion of another substance. (Boric Acid.) 

Preventive. Any measure or agent which re- 
tards or prevents disease. (Hygiene. Quinine 
as a preventive of malaria.) 

Prophylactic. A medicine to prevent the 
taking or development of disease. (Vaccine.) 

Protective. An agent to protect the part to 
which it is applied. (Collodion.) 

Pungent. An agent sharp and stimulating in 
its action. (Ammonia.) 

Purgative. A medicine to produce increased 
discharges from the bowels. (Aloes.) 

Pustulant. An agent which, wnen applied 
externally, causes the formation of pus. (Croton 
Oil.) 

Recuperative. A medicine to restore strength. 
(Cod Liver Oil.) 

Refrigerant. An agent which produces the 
sensation of coolness. (Alcohol externally.) 



62 

Relaxant. An agent that relieves contracted 
tissues, muscles, etc. (Chloroform.) 

Remedy. An agent used in the treatment of 
disease. (Medicine.) 

Reparative. A substance to restore debili- 
tated tissues. (Food. Tonics.) 

Resolvent. A remedy for tlie removal of 
hard tumors. (Iodine.) 

Restorative. A medicine for causing a re- 
turn of bodily vigor. (Arsenic. Strychnine.) 

Revulsant or Revulsive. An agent that by 
irritation, draws fluid from a distant diseased 
part. (Cantharides.) 

Rubefacient. An agent causing irritation 
and redness of the skin. (Mustard.) 

Saline. A cooling salt. (Magnesium Sul- 
phate.) 

Sedative. A medicine to decrease functional 
activity. (Potassium Bromide.) 

Septic. An agent that promotes putrefaction. 
(Bacteria.) 

Sialagogue. a medicine that promotes the 
flow of saliva, (Pyretnrum. Pilocarpus.) 

Simple Bitter. A drug with a bitter taste 
and tonic action. (Calumba. Quassia.) 

Somnifacient. An agent to induce sleep. 
(Morphine.) 

Soporific. A drug causing drowsiness and 
sleep. (Morphine.) 

SoRBEFACiENT. A mcdicine causing abortion. 
(Ergot.) 

Specific. A remedy supposed to exert a spe- 
cial action in the prevention or cure of certain 
diseases. (Quinine in Malaria, Potassium Iodide 
in Actinomycosis.) 



63 

Sternutatory. An agent causing sneezing. 
(White Hellebore.) 

Stimulant. A medicine to increase or quick- 
en functional activity. (Ammonium Carbonate.) 

Stomachic. A drug to stimulate functional 
activity of the stomach. (Gentian.) 

Stomatic. a medicine used for diseases of 
the mouth. (Potassium Chlorate. Borax.) 

Stupefacient. a drug causing stupefaction. 
(Opium.) 

Styptic. Agents causing contraction of blood 
vessels to check bleeding. (Alum.) 

Succedaneum. a medicine that may be sub- 
stituted for others possessing similar properties. 
(Chloral for Potassium Bromide.) 

Sudorific. A medicine or agent causing in- 
creased sweating. (.Jaborandi.) 

Suppurant. a substance causing the forma- 
tion of pus. (Croton Oil.) 

Synergist. A drug which cooperates or as- 
sists the action of another. (Chloral with Bro- 
mides.) 

Taenicide. a remedy for destroying tape 
worms. (Male Fern.) 

Taenifuge. An agent to expel tape worms. 
(.Areca Nut.) 

Tetanic. A drug which increases the irrita- 
bility of the cord or muscles producing spasms. 
(Strychnine.) 

Tonic. A medicine promoting nutrition and 
giving tone to the system. (Arsenic.) 

Topic or Topical. An external local remedy. 
(Liniment.) 

Toxic. A poisonous substance. (Phos- 
phorus.) 



64 

Tricophyia. Remedies promoting the growth 
of the hair. (Pilocarpine.) 

Uterine. An agent acting upon the uterus. 
( Ustilago. ) 

Vehicle. A substance used as a medium for 
the administration of medicines. (Syrups.) 

Vermicide. An agent to destroy parasitic 
worms. ( Creosote. ) 

Vermifuge. An agent to expel parasitic 
worms. (Arecoline Hydrobromide. Purgatives.) 

Vesicant. A blistering agent. (Cantharides.) 

Virus. A poison causing a morbid process or 
disease; a pathogenic organism. (Cowpox. 
Virus of Rabies.) 

Vulnerary. Any remedy or agent for healing 
wounds. (Ointments, etc.) 

Zoiatrica. Veterinary Medicines. 

TERMINATION OF MEDICAL TERMS * 

Ae-re-sis (airesis. a taking of anything). Ex- 
ample {dia, throughout, Di-se-re-sis, a breach of 
continuity. 

A-gogue (agogos. one who leads), denoting 
substances which expel others. Example, chola- 
gogues (cJwJe, bile), purgatives expelling bile. 

Ag-ra (agra, seizure), denoting seizure or 
pain, generally applied to gout. Ex., Cheir- 
ag-ra (cheir) gout in the hand. Ment-ag-ra 
(mentum, chin), eruption on the chin. 

Al-gi-a (algos. pain). Ex., Ceph-al-al-gi-a 
(kephale, the head). Neu-ral-gi-a, pain in a 
nerve. 

Cele (kele, a tumor). Ex. {bonhon, the 
groin), Bu-bon-o-cele, a tumor in the groin. 

^ Adapted from Hoblyn"s Medical Dictionary. 



65 

Ceph-a-lus (kephale, the head), denoting 
some affection of the head. Ex., A-ceph-a-lus, 
without a head. 

Cra-ni-um (kranion, the skull), denoting the 
head of anything; (olene, the ulna^ 0-le-cra- 
non, the head of the ulna. 

Dem-ic, {demos, a people). En-dem-ic, dis- 
eases in or among, or peculiar to a people. 

En-ter-y (entera, the bowels), denoting affec- 
tions of the bowels. Ex. (dus, with difficulty). 
Dys-en-ter-y, inflammation of mucous mem- 
brane of large intestines. 

Fa-ci-ext ifa-ci-o, to make), denoting the 
production of any particular effect. Ex., Ru-be- 
fa-ci-ent, a substance which makes the body 
red. 

Form (forma, likeness), denoting resem- 
lance, Ex., A-e-ri-form, like air. 

FuGE ifugo, I expel), denoting that which ex- 
pels. Ex., Feh-ri-fuge, a substance which expels 
fever. 

Gen — (jtEn-e-sis — Gen-ous (genesis, genera- 
tion), denoting production or generation. Ex., 
Oxygen (oxus, acid), generating acid, as was 
supposed, Ex-o-ge-nous, outside growing, applied 
to plants growing by external increase. 

Gno-sis (gnosis, knowledge). Ex. (dia, 
through-out). Di-ag-no-sis, distinction of dis- 
eases. 

Graph-y (graphe, writing), a description of 
anything. Ex., Ad-e-no-graph-y, (aden, a 
gland), a description of the glands. 

Hex-i-a (exis, a habit), denoting an habitual 
state. Cac-hex-i-a (kakos, bad), bad state of the 
Dody. 



66 

Lkp-sy {lepsis, a taking), denoting the act of 
taking). Cat-a-lep-sy (kata, thoroughly), a 
spasmodic attack of the limbs retaining them 
in one position. 

Lo-GY (logos, an account), denoting a treatise 
on or description of anything. Ex., Os-te-ol-o-gy 
(osteos, a bone), a description of the bones. 

Ly-sis (lusis, a loosening). Ex., A-nal-y-sis, 
the resolution of a compound body into its con- 
stituent parts. 

Ma-ni-a (rnania, madness). Ex., Mo-no-ma- 
ni-a imonos, alone), madness on one subject. 

Me-ter (metron, a measure). Ex., Ther-mom- 
e-ter (therme, heat), a measurer of heat. 

0-DYNE — 0-DY:Nf-i-A (odufie pain). Ex., An-o- 
dyne, without pain. 

OiD {eidos, likeness). Ex., Ad-en-oid (aden- 
gland), like a gland. 

Oph-thal-mos (opthalmos, the eye). Xer-oph- 
thal-mi-a (xeros, dry), dryness of the eye. 

0-REX-i-A (orexis, appetite or desire.) Ex., 
An-o-rex-i-a, want of appetite. 

Path-i-a — Pathy (pathos, affection). Ex., 
Ho-moe-o-path-y (omoios, similar), the art of 
curing by inducing a similar disease. 

Pep-si-a (pepsis, digestion). Dys-pep-si-a (dus 
with difficulty), difficult digestion. 

Pha-gi-a (phage, to eat). Ex., Dys-pha-gi-a, 
•difficulty of swallowing. 

Piio-Bi-A (phohos, fear). Ex., Hy-dro-pho- 
bi-a, (udor, water), dread of water. 

Pho-ni-a (phone, voice). Ex., A-pho-ni-a, 
loss of voice. 

Pho-rus (phero, I convey). Ex., Phos-phor-us 
(phos, light), conveying light. 



67 

Phy-sis (phusis, nature), denoting production 
or existence. Ex., Sym-phy-sis (sum, with), the 
growing together of bones, as of ossa pubis. 

Ple-gi-a {plege. a stroke). He-mi-ple-gi-a 
(Hemisus, half), a paralysis of one side of the 
body. 

Pnoea {pnoia. breathing). Ex., Dys-pnoea, 
difficulty of breathing. 

Pto-sis {ptosis, a falling dov/n). 

Pty-sis iptusis, a spitting). Ex., Hae-mo-pty- 
sis (Haima, blood), a spitting of blood. 

Rha-gi-a {rago, 1 burst forth). Ex., Hsem-or- 
rha-gi-a, a bursting forth of blood. 

Raph-e (raphe, a seam). Ex., Staph-y-lor- 
rapn-y,' a sewing up of fissures of the palate. 

Rhoea (reo, I flow). Ex., Leu-cor-rhoea 
(Leukos, white), a white discharge. 

Sar-ca- or Sar-ci-a (sarx, flesh). Ex., Poly- 
sar-ci-a {polus, much), excess of flesh. 

Scope — Sco-py (skopos, an inspection. Oph- 
thal-mo-scope, an instrument to inspect the eye. 

Stasis (istemi, I stand), denoting a standing 
or position in a place. Ex., Met-a-sta-sis (meta, 
a preposition denoting change from one 
place to another), transference to another part. 

Sto-ma (stoma, the mouth). Di-sto-ma (clis, 
twice), two-mouthed. 

Thesis (^/lesis, a position). Di-ath-e-sis, (dia, 
throughout.) The condition throughout, con- 
stitutional condition. 

Tome — To-my (tome, a section). An-at-o-my, 
cutting up a aissection. Ker-a-tome, a knife for 
dividing the cornea. 

To-Ni-A — To-Nos (tones, tension). Ez. 



A-to-nia 'j 



68 

without tone. 



A-ion-ic j 

Tro-phy {trophe, nourishment). A-tro-phy, 
defective nutrition. 

U-RE-sis — U-Ri-A (ouresis, the act of discharg- 
ing urine). Ex., Dys-ur-i-a, difficulty of dis- 
charging the urine. 

PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

A prescription may be defined as a written 
order or formula of ingredients, with directions 
to the compounder and instructions for the 
guidance of the patient. The term is derived 
from the Latin prae "before" and scriptum 
"written." 

It is generally conceded that Latin is the best 
language for prescriptions. It is a dead lan- 
guage and therefore not subject to the varia- 
tions which modern languages are continually 
undergoing. It is unchangeable the world over 
and a prescription written in this country may 
be put up in a foreign country with equal fa- 
cility. The Latin name of a drug is distinctive 
and as a rule means only a given drug and am- 
biguity is therefore avoided; in some of the 
modern languages a given drug may have a va- 
riety of names, and in some cases the same 
name is applied to different drugs. Finally 
there is an element of secrecy which is often 
desirable to prevent the patient or general pub- 
lic from knowing what has been prescribed and 
there is less likelihood of "self doctoring" or 
using the prescription for some disorder for 
which it is not applicable. 



69 

A true principle of a prescription as based 
upon a maxim of Ascleplades, curare cito, tuto 
et jucunde, is to cure quickly, safely and pleas- 
antly. According to this rule the typical pre- 
scription should contain, in the first place, an 
ingredient which is expected to relieve or cure 
the patient and is therefore called the basis; 
second, an ingredient designed to assist the 
action of the basis so that it may do its work 
more quickly, designated as the adjuvant; 
third, a substance intended to correct or modify 
any undesirable or injurious effect of the basis 
or adjuvant, or to cause it to act more safely 
than if used alone, and on this account is re- 
ferred to as a corrective; and fourth, a sub- 
stance may be added, which will give such form 
and consistence to the preparation as to make it 
pleasant and at the same time dilute tne whole 
preparation to the proper proportion for meas- 
uring out • the intended doses, termed the 
vehicle. The following table will express the 
idea in a concrete form : 

Curare (Cure) with the (Basis). 

Cito (Quickly) " " (Adjuvant). 

Tuto (Safely) " " (Corrective). 

et 

Jucunde (Pleasantly) " " (Vehicle). 

In Veterinary practice jucunde is generally 
ignored as the patients do not take to the idea 
of medicines pleasantly as a rule, and the prin- 
cipal use of the vehicle is to dilute the ingredi- 
ents to the proper dosage. 

In addition to the ingredients other data are 
given, such as the date, name of patient, direc- 



70 

tions to the compounder and to the patient, and 
the signature of the physician. Taking the pre- 
scription in its entirety it may be divided as fol- 
lows: 
Superscription or heading includes the symbol 

Rr (Recipe) the first direction, "take." 
Inscription, the ingredients, or basis, adjuvant, 

corrective and vehicle. 
Subscription, the directions to the compounder. 
Transcription or Signature, the directions to 
the patient and the signature of the prescriber 
with the date. 

In a simple prescription the basis may be the 
only ingredient. In a compound prescription 
(with two or more ingredients), the agents 
added may be neither adjuvant nor corrective 
and yet be a good prescription. It is desirable, 
however, to keep the consideration of a "typical" 
prescription in mind. 

Unusual doses of a powerful drug may be re- 
fused by the pharmacist unless some indication 
is made that the dose is intended. This is usu- 
ally done by underscoring the dose, or better 
yet writing after it the abbreviation q. r. (Quan- 
tum Rectum. ) 

Practice makes proficiency in prescription 
writing. The prescription needs study as much 
as any other subject and the student should 
practise the writing of it, independently of any 
demand, simply for the experience. 

To the beginner the following general hints 
from Sollman should be of benefit: "When writ- 
ing a prescription for a given condition, put 
down, first, the name of the best remedy. Ask 



yourself whether there is any other drug which 
may be employed to aid this. Put this down 
also. Then consider in which form the medi- 
cine should be administered, whether as liquid, 
powder, salve, etc. This will usually determine 
which preparation of the ingredient is to be 
employed. Put this down also. Then ask your- 
self what may be added to render the mixture 
agreeable to the patient. When this is written 
down, all the ingredients will be represented. 
Now look over this carefully and see that there 
are no incompatibilities and that the constitu- 
ents are soluble if the mixture is to be a liquid. 
Next insert the endings. Write the directions 
to the dispenser. Now consider the doses of 
the mixture, teaspoonful, tablespoonful, etc., 
the approximate number of doses, and from 
these calculate the size of the mixture. It 
should be considered how many doses are to be 
taken each day (on the basis of sixteen hours 
a day) ; this, multiplied by the number of days, 
gives approximately the size of the mixture. 
Then write the directions to the patient. Now 
consider how much of each ingredient is to be 
given at each dose, multiply by the number of 
doses, and write down the quantity. This fin- 
ishes the prescription. Look over the result 
carefully in the same order." 



Apoth Met. 


^^ 


24 


^vj 


24 


^ '" 




' '^IIJ 


12 



72 

A tonic prescription for the horse illustrating 
the points referred to may be given as follows: 

Mr. G . Bay Mare, Daisy. 

Superscription, U, 
Inscription, 

(Basis) Nucis Vomica? pul v., 
(Adjuvant) Ferri Sulphatis pulv 

(Corrective) Aloes Barbadensis pulv., 

(Vehicle) Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. 
Subscription. Misce et fiant boli sex. 
Transcription or .iignature. 

Give one ball morning and night. 

Richard Roe, D.V.M., 

Jan. 2, 1905. 148 Second Street. 

The metric system is coming more and more 
into use so that a knowledge of it will in a few 
years be indispensable. The beginner should 
learn to write his prescriptions in both the 
apothecary and metric systems. 

The ingredients of a prescription are fre- 
quently abbreviated and although writing out 
in full is better there is no special objection to 
the former practice if there is no ambiguity in 
the abbreviations. Grievous errors have oc- 
curred in this way and too much caution cannot 
be exercised in making the meaning clear, so 
that the most ignorant drug clerk may avoid 
error. 

Numerous examples of ambiguous abbrevia- 
tions might be given, but a few mentioned be- 
low will serve as examples: 



73 

Acid Uycl. may mean either hydrobromic, hydro- 
chloric, hydriodic, or hydrocyanic acid. 
Chlor. may mean chlorine, chloroform, chloral 

hydrate, chlorate or chloride. 
Hydr. Chlor. may mean calomel, corrosive sub- 
limate, hydrate of chloral, or hydrastin 
hydrochloride. 

The context may often assist in arriving at 
the correct meaning of the abbreviation but it is 
not safe in all cases to depend upon this. 

A limited knowledge of Latin will serve to en- 
able one to write prescriptions properly. The 
student becomes familiar with the Latin names 
of drugs if he has studied his Materia Medica 
faithfully. The principal difficulty that he en- 
counters is in making the changes necessary for 
the correct grammatical wording to the dis- 
penser and the grammatical ending of the in- 
gredients and their quantities. 

The following simple rules taken from Mann, 
will, it is believed, enable one not previously ac- 
quainted with Latin, to write proper prescrip- 
tions with correct endings. 

Rule I. The noun expressing the name of the 
medicine is put in the genitive case, when the 
quantity of it to be used is expressed. 

Rule IL If no quantity is expressed, but 
only a numeral adjective follows, the noun is 
put in the accusative. 

Rule III. The quantity is put in the accusa- 
tive case governed by the imperative Recipe. 

Rule IV. Adjectives agree with these nouns 
in gender, number and case. 

For every day practice the accusative of the 



74 

quantity is seldom written out but is usually ex- 
pressed by the more convenient symbols. The 
principal difficulty is the formation of the geni- 
tive case. The following rules (Mann) will as- 
sist in overcoming the difficulty. They apply 
only to pharmacopceial nouns. 

RULES FOR rORMATIOX OF GENITIVE CASE. 

I. . All nouns ending in a form the genitive in 
GP as quinina, quininas. Exception. — Physostig- 
ma, Physostigmatis. Coca is unchanged. Folia 
is plural, Genitive Foliorum. 

II. All nouns ending in us, um, os, on, form 
the. genitive in i as Conium, Conii. Exceptions 
— Rhus. gen. Rhois, Flos, gen. Floris, Erigeron, 
gen. Erigerontis, Fructus, Cornus, Quercus^ 
Spiritus, do not change. 

III. All other nouns of whatever termination 
make the genitive in .9. or is, chloral, gen. chlor- 
al is. Some lengthen the termination thus: 

as genitive atis as Acetas, Acetatis. 

is " idis as ^nthemis, Anthemidis. 

'■ onis as Pepo, Peponis. 

X " CIS as Cortex, Corticis. 

There are a few exceptions. Asclepias, gen. 
Asclepiadis : Mas. gen. Maris: Phosphis, 8ul- 
phis. etc. gen. itis : Mucilago. gen. Mucilaginis ; 
Solidago. gen. Solidaginis, etc. 

The following words do not change in their 
genitive.^ Amyl. Azedarach. Berberis, Buchu, 
Cajuputi. Cannabis, Catechu. Condurango, Cor- 

* Those in italics are indeclinable, those in us are of the 
fourth declension; the others are of the third. Apiol and 
Sumbul are given as indeclinable by some authorities, 
Dunglison gives Apiolum, i; Sumbul, i; Amyl, Amylis is 
also given. 



75 

nus, Curare, Fructus, Digitalis, Hydrastis, Ja- 
borandi. Kino. Matico, Quercus, Sassaf7-as, Sago, 
Sinapis. Spiritus. 

It is seldom necessary to use the accusative 
of the nouns expressing the ingredients, only 
when the quantity is omitted, and a numeral ad- 
jective takes its place. 

As before stated, the use of the appropriate 
symbols renders it unnecessary, as a rule, to 
write out in the accusative the words express- 
ing quantity. Sometimes, however, it is desir- 
able to do so, and the following simple rules 
for the formation of the accusative of these 
words are appended: 

I. Nouns expressing quantity ending in a, 
are feminine and make the accusative singular 
in am and the plural in as. Example, Drachma, 
ace. sing. Drachmam, pi. Drachmas. 

II. Those ending in um or us make the accu- 
sative singular in U7n. The accusative plural of 
those in ns is os. and of those in um is a. 
Those in us are masculine, those in um are 
neuter. 

Congius. ace. sing. Congium, ace. pi. Congios. 
Granun), '" " Granum, ace. " Grana. 

The adjectives are declined like the nouns. 
The numeral cardinal adjectives are indeclin- 
able except unus, duo and tres. 

They are thus declined. 

Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 

Nom. unus, una, unum. 

Gen. unius, uniuc, unius. 

Ace. unum, unam, u:ium. 



76 



Masculine. Feminine. Neuter, 
duo. 

duorum. 
duo. 
tria. 
trium. 
tria. 

The following is a list of some of the more 
frequently used numeral adjectives: 

CARDINALS ORDINALS 



Nom, 


duo. 


duae, 


Gen. 


duorum, 


duarum, 


Ace. 


duos. 


duas^ 


Nom. 


tres, 


tres, 


Gen. 


1 rium, 


trium, 


Ace. 


tres, 


tres, 



2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
lo 
II 

12 

13 

H 
15 
i6 
17 
i8 

19 

20 
21 
22 

30 

40 
50 
60 

.70 
80 
90 

100 



I 

II 
III 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

IX 

X 

XI 

XII 

XIII 

XIV 

XV 

XVI 

XVII 

XVIII 

XIX 

XX 

XXI 

XXII 

XXX 

XL 

L 

LX 

LXX 

I^XXX 

xc 
c 



Unus 
Duo 

Tres 

Quatuor 

Quinque 

Sex 

Septem 

Octo 

Noveni 

Decern 

Undecim 

Duodecim 

Tredecim 

Quatuordecim 

Quindecitii 

Sexdecim 

Septendeeini 

Octodecim 

Noveudecim 

Vigenti 

Vigenti unuir 

Vigenti duo 

Trigiuta 

Quadraginta 

Quinqnaginta 

Sexaginta 

Septuaginta 

Octagiuta 

Nonaginta 

Centum 



X St 

2nd 

3rd 

4th 

5th 

6th 

7th 

bth 

9th 

loth 

nth 

1 2th 

13th 

14th 

15th 

16th 

17th 

i8th 

19th 

20th 

2ISt 
22ud 
30th 
40th 
50th 
60th 
70th 
80th 
90th 

looth 



Primus 

Secundus 

Tertius 

Quartus 

Ouintus 

Sextus 

Septimus 

Octavus 

Nonus 

Decimus 

Undecimus 

Duodecimus 

Tertius decimus 

Quartus decimus 

Quintus decimus 

Sextus decimus 

Septimus decimus 

Octavus decimus 

Nonus decimus 

Vicesimus 

Vicesimus primus 

Vicesimus secundus 

Tricesimus 

Ouadragesimus 

Quinquagesimus 

Sexagesimus 

Septuagesimus 

Octogesimus 

Nonagesimus 

Centesimus 



77 

The verbs are nearly all used in the impera- 
tive mood; being addressed to the compounder. 
The following are some of the more common ex- 
amples: Recipe, take; Misce, mix; ^igna, mark; 
Divide, divide; Mitte, send; Pone, put; Extende, 
spread. 

A few verbs are, however, in the subjunctive 
mood of mild command, taking the subject re- 
ferred to in the nominative case, e.g., fiat, plu- 
ral fiant, let be made. Detur, plural demur, let 
be given. Sufflciat, may suffice. Repetatur, let 
it be repeated. 

Only a few prepositions are commonly used; 
they are ad, to; ana (Greek), abbrev. a a, of 
each; cum, with; in, into; ad and in govern the 
accusative, cum. the ablative and ana the geni- 
tive cases. 

The following phrases are used: Fiat lotio. 
Let a lotion be made. Dividatur in partes 
oequales. Let it be divided into equal parts. 
Dentiir tales doses. Let such doses be given. 
Quantum sufflciat. abbrev. q. s., as much as may 
suffice. Ne repetatur. Do not repeat. 

The following abbreviated prescription may 
be used, when written out in full and rendered 
into Latin, to illustrate many of the points al- 
ready referred to: 

R Powd. Scammony, Q ss 

Jalap, gr v 

Calomel, gr 

M, Fiat pulvis purgans. 
The prescription is taken from Pereira and 
Griffiths and when put into Latin would appear 
and be explained as follows: 



78 



.5 -^ 
Q < 



-t: -^ 



> w 



< ^ 



•^ ^ ^ S ^ 



OJ 



3 ^ 

3 ^ > 

" 3 C 



C/^ O' 



?% '^ 
?..-^ 



■C^ 



y 3 .^ 
en en -*-> 



c „ be S a^ 
o OJ c - =^ 

^ ■" tn ti CD 



'J} '5 .ti ^ ^ ^ 



O rO 



<L) 



C > S: 

o o -c<, 
m .^ ^ ^ ^ 



<a 



3 13 






4^ .::2 cT 1^ s 

•5 § ^ ^ 2 



o -r: > 



ti M 



-c ^ 















p o 

Pi 







1) 
a, 
5 






"2 


<^i 




13 








% 


bJD o 


^ 




o 


il 


,_^ 






^ 


5 « 


cT 




(U 


pij 


03 


-e 


O 
O 
S 




N 


•i 


Pi 


p. 


^ 


H 


1) 


^ 


cc 3 


^ 





















t > 



CD S O 'T3 



5 3^. 

S "^-^ ^ 

^ be c 3 

+J ^-1 Tj ^_> 



43 T3 

ti tU 3 
^ > 03 



Si a a d 

be 2 3 o 

rt C W cfi 



0^ OJ 
U2 3 



3 a> 



CC 



u • rS 3 -^ '*^ 

vjr, OJ O- 3 > 03 

c« 3 Ij" '^ f -^ "^ 

C X > IT ■»- ^e IJ 

3 ;; OJ ^ >, '^ 

C/2 O 3 S ^ 



(U X2 

9^ <^ 



3 ^ ^ 

•3; ^ i: 

^ V. 

- 3 ^ 
^ 2 o 
■c ^ o 



p^ a; 

re be. 






h ^ 



•'-03 ~ 

^ '^ *" 

<U re c 

^ QJ <U ^ 

3 'O t> g 



79 



T^ 


rt 


;3 


^ 


OJ 


. "^ 


< 


{3 


OJ 


^ 


<Ll 


s % 




CJ 


" 


>, 


bjo 


:t ^ 


D 


^ 


^ 




«< 


k « 


t 




s 


c 
o 


■^ 




H 




PH 


<+< 


k 


^ 9 


.2 


o 




vT 


i 


btC^ 






'rt 








So 




c4 


> 


C 


o 


CO 


^ 






a 



^ — "5 5 Ji > 



(U ;3 



■^ (XI '5 



Lf. .^ <^ ^^ 



OiJ 



^ -^ r^, >^ 



5 "^ bjO 






ili -r- r"^ C Vh 

03 cfl ^ ca a; 



CO C ^ 

P ^ .^ .S .5 






&fl 






G 2 ^ 



biO-2 



♦-' ^-v •'-5 •- ,?2 ^ 0) "^ 

'rr '^ -" g \s ^ -B 
B ^ B ^ > Z ^ 



o 



S <u c £ 
g ^ ^ o 



> TJ ^ • 



^-" 5 'd 



II 'B S 



c n ^ 2 



80 

A few drugs in a prescription are usually 
better than many. It is irrational to combine 
a number of agents (shot gun prescription) 
without especial attention to the specific action 
of each. 

In constructing a prescription, it is first neces- 
sary to decide upon the proper remedial agents; 
then upon the size of the aose and lastly the 
number of doses to be given. The prescription 
on p. 72 written out to show these details would 
be as follows: 

R ^ 

Nucis Vomicae, (single dose "^j X6^) ^vj 

Ferri Sulphatis, ( " " -^j X6^) "^vj 

Aloes Barb., ( " " "^ss X6=) "^iij 

Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. 

Mix and make into six balls. 

In practice the multiplication of single doses 
Is carried out mentally and the product only is 
written down. 

The Roman numerals should always be used 
to designate the quantities; thus: i, ij, iij, iv, 
V, vj, vij, viij, ix, etc. Always dot each i to 
avoid mistakes; the last i is usually made in 
the form of a j to show that it is the last of a 
series. 

AN EASY METHOD OF WRITING PRESCRIPTIONS IN 
THE METRIC SYSTEM (AFTER LEONARD). 

In a two ounce prescription a single dose, in 
grains or minims, is given in the same figures as 



81 

the total amount of the drug in the prescription 

expressed in grams or cubic centimeters, as for 

example: 

^ Pluidextracti Belladonnse Radicis 

(2 minims dose) = 2 cc. 
Potassi Bromidi (8 grains dose) = 8 grams 
Aquae q. s. 2 fluid ounces = 60 cc. 

In a two ounce prescription there would be 
fifteen doses. In a gram or 1 cc, there are ap- 
proximately 15 grains 'or minims; the basis is 
therefore 15 to 1. In a one ounce mixture there 
would be one half the above amounts; in a four 
ounce prescription there would be twice the 
above amounts. Or the same amounts of the 
drugs may be used in a four, six or eight ounce 
mixture as for the two ounce mixture and the 
dose correspondingly doubled, trebled or quad- 
rupled. 

COLEMAX'S EASY METHOD OE' WRITING 
PRESCRIPTIONS. 

"It may be assumed for the purpose of writ- 
ing prescriptions, that there are fifteen doses of 
a teaspoonful each in a 2 ounce mixture; 30 in 
a 4 ounce mixture; 60 in an 8 ounce mixture. 
Only in the case of dangerous drugs is a more 
accurate estimation necessary. 

In a 4 ounce mixture, then, with a teaspoonful 
dose, each dose will contain 1-30 of the total 
amount of any drug which may be in solution 
or uniform suspension. 

In the case of drugs with a usual dose of 
about 5 gr. or m., 1 dram may be taken as the 
basis of calculation. 

If 1 dram of a drug be added to a four ounce 



mixture, each teaspoonful will contain 1-30 of 
a dram, or 2 grains or minims. 

Taking 2, then, as a unit, it is only necessary 
to find the multiple of 2 which will give the de- 
sired dose and mis will represent the number 
of drams to be put into the prescription. 

To take an example, 

Tincturae Opii Camphoratse, (dose 15 m.) 

Salol, (dose 5 gr. ) 2x24 ='^ ij ss 

Mistura? Cj eti«, q. s. ad o "^ 

M. et Sig. 

In a 2 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will 
contain 1-15 of a dram, or 4 gr. or m. 

In an 8 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will 
contain 1-60 of a gr. or m. 

From the above statements the following rule 
may be formulated: 

Divide 60 (one dram) by the number of doses 
in the prescription and multiply the result by 
the numeral necessary to give the desired dose. 
This numeral will represent the number of 
drams to be used. 

In the case of drugs with a maximum dose of 
less than a grain, 1 grain instead of 1 dram may 
be taken as the basis of calculation. Thus, if 
one grain be added to a 4 ounce mixture with a 
teaspoonful dose, each dose will contain 1-30 of 
a grain." 

The above methods are applicable especially- 
in human and canine practice. 



83 

leoxard's quick way of reducing 
percentages. 

Rule I. Call the numerator of the fraction 
one grain. 

Rule II. Double the first figure of the de- 
nominator and call this ounces. This will then 
give almost mathematically correct reductions. 

Thus: 1 to 1,000 would be 1 grain to 2 
ounces; 1 to 2,000 would be one grain to 4 
ounces; 1 to 3,000 would be 1 grain to 6 ounces; 
1 to 4,000 would be 1 grain to 8 ounces; 1 to 
5,000 would be 1 grain to 10 ounces and so on. 
If you want 1 to 500, this would be 1 grain to 1 
ounce — there being 480 (approximately 500) 
grains or minims to the ounce. One to 100 
would be 5 grains to 1 ounce. 

By committing these two simple rules to 
memory, an instantaneous reduction for any 
percentage mixture can be made to the apothe- 
cary's basis." 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Those most generally used by the physicians 
and pharmacists in the United States are the 
Troy or Apothecaries' Weights, and the Wine 
or Apothecaries' Measures. The Metric System, 
however, has been recognized to such a great 
extent that it has become a necessity for physi- 
cians to become familiar with it. 

TROY OR APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 



Pound Ounce Drachm 

( Libra) ( Uncia ) ( Drach tna ) 

lb I = 12 = 96 = 


Scruple 

{Scrupulum) 

288 = 


Grain 
{Granum) 
5760 


,1' = 8 = 


24 = 


480 


31 = 


3 -- 


60 




B^ - 


gr. 20 



84 

WINE OB apothecaries' MEASURES. 

Gallon Pint Fluidounce Fluidrachm Minim 

( Congius) ( Octarius) iFluiduncia) {Fluidrachma) {Minimum) 

Cong. 1 = 8= 128 - 1024 = 61440 

Or = 16 = 128 = 7680 

f5i = 8 = 480 

f^r = M 60 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS. 

Pound Ounce Grain 

{Libra) { Uncia ) {Granu7n) 

lb. I =: 16 = 7000 

oz. r = gr. 437>^ 

To avoid misapprehension in the use of the 
apothecary and avoirdupois systems, the sym- 
bols lb., ^^^ ^^ 5^ should be consistently used 
for the apothecary and the abbreviation lb., oz., 
gr., for the avoirdupois. The abbreviation for 
the Troy pound is characterized by the cross 
line drawn through the letters lb and should 
always mean twelve ounces, while the avoirdu- 
pois pound (lb.) stands for sixteen ounces. The 
symbol ^ means an apotnecaries' ounce of 480 
grains, while "oz." means an avoirdupois ounce 
of 4371/^ grains. The grain weight is the same 
for both systems and the abbreviation gr. will 
cause no confusion. The grain is therefore the 
unit in both systems and the term is derived 
from the old system of weighing, which re- 
quired that there should be used a "grain of 
wheat, well dried and gathered out of the mid- 
dle of the ear." The abbreviation gr., for grain, 
should be consistently used in the apothecary 
system, gm. for gram, in the metric system. 



85 

In using the metric system of weights the 
gram is ordinarily used as the standard and the 
other subdivisions are reckoned from it. 

METRIC WEIGHTS. 

10 milligrams (mg.) make 1 centigram (eg.) 

10 centigrams make 1 decigram (dg.) 

10 decigrams make 1 gram (gm.) 

1000 grams make 1 kilogram (kilo.) 

METRIC MEASURES. 

1000 Cubic centimeters (cc.) (Milliliters) 
make 1 liter (L.) 

1 Gram equals the weight of 1 cc. of distilled 
water at a temperature of 4°C. 



TABLE OF APPROXIMATELY EQUIVALENT 


WEIGHTS. 


1 milligram .001 


= 1-64 grain 


1 centigram .01 


= 1-6 grain 


1 decigram .1 


= 11/^ grains 


1 gram 


=151/^ grains 


4 grams ( 3.9 gm.) 


= 1 dram 


30 grams ( 31.1 gm.) 


= 1 ounce 


500 grams (453.6 gm.) 


= 1 pound (av.) 


1 kilogram 


=2 1-5 pounds (av.) 


1-64 grain = 1 milligram 


= .001 gram 


1-6 grain = 1 centigram 


= .01 gram 


1 grain 


= .065 gram 


15.43 grains 


= 1. gram 


1 dram (apoth.) 


= 3.90 grams 


1 ounce (apoth.) 


=31.1 grams 


1 minim 


= .061 cc. 


16 minims 


= 1. cc. 


1 fluidram 


= 3.75 cc. 


1 fluidounce 


=30. cc. 



86 

1 cc. =16 minims 

4 cc. (3.7 cc.) = 1 fluidram 

30 cc. = 1 fluidounce 

• To convert grains into centigrams, multiply- 
by 6.5. Thus 3 grains multiplied by 6.5 equals 
19.5 centigrams, or 10 grains equals 65 centi- 
grams or .65 gram. To convert centigrams into 
grains divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams di- 
vided by 6.5 equals 4 grains. 

DOMESTIC MEASURES, 

A drop, gutta, (gtt.) is usually reckoned at 
about one minim. 

A tea-spoonful is about one fluidram. 

A table-spoonful is about one-half fluidounce. 

A wine-glassful is about two fluidounces. 

A tea-cupful is about five fluidounces. 

A breakfast-cupful is about eight fluidounces. 

A tumblerful is about eight fluidounces. 

Domestic measures vary considerably. There 
may be from 50 to 150 drops in a fluidram, a tea- 
spoon generally holds more than one dram, even 
as much as 2 drams or more. Cups and glasses 
also vary widely. 

THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBINING 
DRUGS IN A PRESCRIPTION. 
Although the tendency in modern therapeutics 
is toward simplicity rather than complexity in 
prescriptiolis, one may go to the extreme even in 
this direction. There is no doubt but that in 
very many cases a judicious combination of 
drugs will produce effects of a beneficial charac- 
ter which might be sought in vain from the use 
of a single remedy. A "shot gun" prescription. 



87 

containing a great number of remedies intro- 
duced with the idea that by some lucky chance 
one or more of the ingredients may hit the dis- 
order, is thoroughly unscientific and not to be 
encouraged. 

The rational combination of drugs was, per- 
haps first discussed fully by Dr. John Ayrton 
Paris (Paris Pharmacologia, 1822). His treat- 
ment of the question has been so clear and ex- 
haustive, that there has been but little room for 
improvement. The following paragraphs are 
based principally upon his work: 

I. The Action of a Medicine May be Aug- 
mented (Adjuvant Action). 

(a) By comMning different forms of the same 
substance. An infusion is strengthened by the 
addition of the fluid extract or tincture of the 
same drug, in cases where all the active prin- 
ciples are not soluble in the same vehicle. Digi- 
talis may be taken as an example, all of its ac- 
tive principles are not soluble in water. 

(b) By comhitiing the medicine loith others 
ivhich produce similar effects. A rule enunci- 
ated by Dr. Fordyce is to the effect that com- 
bination of similar remedies will produce a 
more certain, speedy, and considerable effect 
than an equivalent dose of any single one. A 
combination of chloral and bromide potassium 
is more certain for hypnotic effects than either 
one alone. From the standpoint of purgation 
the same would be true of a combination of 
aloes and calomel, or as an emetic a mixture of 
i])ecac and tartar emetic is more reliable for its 
effects than either drug singly. 



(c) By comMning with the basis substances 
of a different nature which can, in some un- 
knoion manner enhance its action. The diuretic 
effect of squill is increased by calomel, and 
ipecac assists in the purgative action of jalap. 

II. The Action of a Medicine May be Modi- 
fied ( Corrective Action ) in Order to Overcome 
Unpleasant Effects. The griping tendency of 
purgatives may be corrected by combination 
with aromatics or essential oils. Acrid sub- 
stances may be more or less overcome by tri- 
turating with mucilage. The constipating effect 
of iron may be overcome by the addition of 
aloes. See prescription p. 72. 

III. To Obtain the Combined or Joint Ac- 
tion OF Two OR More Medicines. 

(a) Upon the same tissue. Purgative medi- 
cines will serve as an illustration. Some act by 
increasing peristalsis, others by augmenting the 
secretion of the. intestines, as in the case of 
eserine and pilocarpine. The combination of 
podophyllum with calomel, for their joint action 
upon the liver, may be cited as another ex- 
ample. 

(b) Upofi different tissues or to combat dif- 
ferent symptoms. Probably the greatest num- 
ber of prescriptions will come under this head. 
The desire to combat a number of different 
symptoms should not lead to excess in the com- 
bination of drags. A well directed rifle ball 
will have a greater effect than a charge from 
a shot gun where only a few of the shot hit the 
mark. Some prescriptions have been reported 
which contained as many as 400 ingredients. 



89 

The more complicated a prescription, the great- 
er are the chances for failure. 

The symptoms of fever with cough may be 
treated with small doses of ipecac as a sedative 
expectorant, tincture of aconite to quiet the cir- 
culation and allay the fever, with potassium 
bromide to alleviate excessive coughing. Other 
cases will readily suggest themselves. It may 
be desirable, in a given instance to stimulate 
the heart with one drug and the kidney or bow- 
els with others. 

IV. To Form New Compounds the Effects 
OF Which Differ from any of the Individual 
Constituents. Dover's Powder is a good illus- 
tration. This preparation has marked diaphor- 
etic properties, while neither of its constituents, 
opium or ipecac, when taken separately exert 
any powerful action upon the skin. "White 
Lotion" made by dissolving lead acetate and 
zinc sulphate in water; "Black Lotion" by add- 
ing calomel to a solution of lime and "Yellow 
Lotion" by adding corrosive sublimate to a solu- 
tion of lime, are also examples. 

V. To Afford a Convenient and Agreeable 
Form of Administration. Solids, such as pills, 
capsules and powders are oftentimes to be pre- 
ferred. Liquid preparations are sometimes 
more desirable and they have the advantage of 
being more readily absorbed. The main thing, 
of course, is that the patient should get the 
proper remedy indicated by the symptoms; but, 
at the same time, it is the duty of the prescriber 
to see that it is no more obnoxious than need 
be. This fact is sometimes lost sight of in vet- 



90 

erinary practice, where the animal may be com- 
pelled to take the medicine, but nothing is lost 
to the patient or prescriber, if the medicine is 
prepared in as palatable a form as possible 
without sacrificing anything of its pharma- 
cologic action. 

Due care should be exercised in selecting a 
vehicle which has little or no medicinal action 
of its own, or if it has that it will assist or cor- 
rect the action of the medicines prescribed, 
and, if practicable, one in which the other in- 
gredients are soluble. 

The taste of many bitter substances like qui- 
nine, and salty drugs like ammonium chloride, 
may be made more agreeable by the addition of 
any of the preparations of glycyrrhiza. Caustic 
or irritating medicines, whether liquid or solid, 
must be well diluted before being swallowed. 

EXAMPLES OP PRESCRIPTIONS. 
The following graded scheme for the begin- 
ner in prescription writing may be employed; 
1st, a prescription written out in Latin is trans- 
lated into English with the quantities of the 
ingredients expressed in both the apothecaries 
and metric systems. 2d. An abbreviated pre- 
scription is written out in English, apothe- 
caries and metric. 3d. An abbreviated prescrip- 
tion is written out in Latin; apothecaries and 
metric. 4th. After a student has studied thera- 
peutics a card is given aim bearing the name of 
a disease, with the basis or principal remedy 
indicated from which he is to construct a com- 
pound prescription suitable for the disease 
mentioned. 



91 

The following prescriptions are given as illus- 
trations of the scheme and serve merely as an 
outline of the way in which the work may be 
carried on. The instructor can prepare any 
number of prescriptions under each grade for 
the student's exercises. 

The various symbols, unusual endings and 
combinations may be included in such prescrip- 
tions for purposes of instruction. 

LATIN INTO ENLISH. 

It 

Plumbi Acetatis, unciam 

Zinci Sulphatis, drachmas sex 

Aquae, ad Octarium. 

Misce. 

Signa. Fiat lotio alba. 
Take 

of Lead Acetate, one ounce 30 

of Zinc Sulphate, six drachms 24 

of Water, lo one pint 480 

Mix 

Signature. Let a white lotion be made. 
R^ (For horse) 

Aloes, drachmas quatuor 

Fluidextracti Bella- 

donnae Radicis, semidrachmam, 

Zingiberis pulveris, drachmam cum semisse 

Theriacae, quantum sufRcit. 

Misce. 

Signa. Fiat Bolus. 
Take 

of Aloes, four drachms 15 

of Fluidextract of Bel- 
ladonna Root, half dram 2 

of Powdered Ginger, one and a half drams 6 



92 



(Take) 
of Molasses, as much as suffices 

(sufficient quantity) 
Mix. 
Signature. Let a boxus be made. 



ti 



Oxei TerebinthinaB 

Olei Ricini, 

Ovum, 

Aquae Ferventis, 

Misce et fiat enema. 



(For dog) 

unciae semissem 

unciam cum semisse 

unum 

uncias quatuordecim 



Take 

of Oil of Turpentine, half of one ounce 

of Castor Oil, one and a half ounces 45 

One Egg, 
of hot water, fourteen ounces 

Mix and let be made into an enema. 



^ 



Vitellum Ovi, 
Olei Morrhuae, 
Spiritus Frumenti, 
Acidi Phosphorici Di- 

luti. 
Syrupi, 
Aquae Cinnamoui, quan- 
tum sufficiat ad uncias octo 
Misce et fiat emulsio. 

Take 

Yolk of one egg. 



unius 

uncias duas 
unciam cum semisse 

drachmas tres 
drachmas quinque 



(Take) 
of Cod Liver Oil, two ounces 60 

of Whisky, one and a half ounces 45 

of Dilute Phosphoric 

Acid, three drams 12 

of Syrup, five drams 20 

of Cinnamon Water, as much as may suffice 

to (make) eight ounces 240 

Mix and let an emulsion be made. 
J{; (For Dog) 

Morphinae Sulphatis, granum 
Camphorae, 
Pulveris Glycyrrhizae, 
Sacchari Lactis, ana grana decem 
Misce. Divide in chartulas sex. 
Take 

of Morphine Sulphate, one grain 

of Camphor, 

of Powdered Liquorice Root, 

of Sugar of Milk, of each ten grains 

Mix. Divide into six powders. 



065 



Pepsinae, 


drachmas duas 


Vini albi, 


uncias septem 


Syrupi, 


unciam dimidiam 


Fluidextracti Zingi- 




beris, 


guttas octo 


Misce. Fiat Elixir. 




Take 




of Pepsin, 


two drams 8 


of White Wine, 


seven ounces 210 


of Syrup, 


half an ounce 15 


of Fluidextract of 




Ginger, 


eight drops 



Mix. Let an Elixir be made. 



94 

ft 

Extract! Nucis Vomi- 
cae, grani semissen' 
Pulveris Scammonii, granum 
Pulveris Aloes, 

Pulveris Rhei, ana grani tres quartas partes 
Alcoholis, quantum sufRcit. 

Misce. Fac pilulas tales duodecim. 
Take 



082 
065 

048 



of Extract of Nux 

Vomica, half of a grain 

of Powdered Scam- 

mony, one grain 

of Powdered Aloes, 
of Powdered Rhubarb, 

of each three-fourths parts 

of a grain 
of Alcohol, as much as suflBces. 
Mix, Make twelve such pills. 
Examples of abbreviated prescriptions 
written out in english in the apothecary 
AND Metric Systems. • 

Ac. Carbol., 

Liq. lodi. Comp., a a m xv 

Aq. Chloroformi, q. s. 5T7~ 

M. 
Take 

Carbolic Acid, 
Compound Solution of 

. Iodine, of^ each 15 mimims 1 

Chloroform Water, suffi- 
cient quantity to (make) 2 ounces 60 
Mix. 



95 



^ 



Ac. Sulph, Arom., 
Tr. Opii., 

Spts. Camph., 
M. 



Take 



Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, 

Tincture of Opium, 

Spirits of Camphor, of each 6 ounces 180 

Mix. 



^ 



Quin. Sulpli., 

Pulv. Belladon. Fol. 
Sod. Salicyl., 

Pulv. Cimicif., 

M. 

Ft. pulv. No. XII. 



17 



o ij 



Take 

Quinine Sulphate, 1 ounce 30 

Powdered Belladonna Leaves, 2 ounces 60 
Sodium Salicylate, 

Powdered Cimicifuga, of each 3 ounces 90 
Mix. Make into 12 powders. 

Examples of Abbreviated Prescriptions 
Written out in Latin in the Apothecary and 
Metric Systems. 



96 



Jfc 



^ 



Quin. Sulph., 


•^ J 


F. E. Nuc. Vom., 


5 J 


Tr. Capsic, 


.5 II J 


Ac. Muriat. Dil., 


OIVSS 


M. 




Quininae Sulphatis, 


unciam 


Fluidextracti Nucis 




Vomicae, 


unciam 


Tincturae Capsici, 


uncias tres 



30 

30 

90 
Acidi Muriatici Diliiti, uncias quatuor 

cum semisse 135 



Misce. 



{I 



Pot. Acet., 




.^17 


Tr. Digital., 




3x 


Spts. Ether. Nit., 




Iv 


Aquae, 
M. 


q. s. 


o7 



Jt 



Potassii Acetatis, uncias duas 60 

Tincturae Digitalis, drachmas decern 40 

Spiritus Etheris Nitrosi, uncias quinque 150 

Aquae, quantum sufficit Octarium 480 



97 



Vt 



Qiiin. Sulph., ^ 

Piilv. Opii, 37^ 

Pulv. Amnion. Carb., ^T7~ 

Piilv. Camph., '^~~ 

M. Make 12 powders. 

Quininae Sulphatis, imciam 30 

Pulveris Opii, drachmas diias 8 

Piilveris Ammonii Car- 

bonatis, uncias diias 60 

Pulveris Camphorae, unciam 30 

Misce. Fiant pulveres numero duodecim. 
The next step in the series is the construction 
of the prescription according to its indication 
for a given disorder, the basis being mentioned 
and allowing the student to fill in the other in- 
gredients. The writer has found the following 
list serviceable in this connection, due regard 
being given to incompatibility, form, case end- 
ings, etc. The prescriptions may be written out 
in the ordinary abbreviated form or in Latin in 
the Apothecary or Metric systems. Any variety 
of subjects or combinations are available and 
excellent drill is furnished to the student. 



98 



Indication. 
Gastric Tonic. 
Diuretic. 
Cardiac Tonic. 
Influenza. 
Irritable Stomach. 
Sl^in Disease. 
Blister. 

Hepatic Congestion. 
Purgative. 
Diaphoresis. 
Sedative. 
Cathartic. 

Anodyne Liniment. 
Round Worms. 
Fever. 
Mange. 
Cough. 
Rickets. 
Purgative. 
Flat Worms. 
Indigestion. 
Diarrhoea. 
Anemia. 
Rheumatism. 
Edema. 

Diabetes Insipidus. 
Catarrhal Fever. 
General Tonic. 
Counter Irritant. 
Intestinal Antiseptic. 
Chorea. 



Basis. 
Gentian. 

Potassium Nitrate. 
Digitalis. 
Tr. Nux. Vomica. 
Bismuth. 

Fowler's Solution. 
Cantharides. 
Sodium Sulphate. 
Barium Chloride. 
Tr. Arnica Root. 
Chloral. 

Eserine S,ulphate. 
Tr. Aconite. 
Santonin. 
Acetanilid. 
Sulphur. 
Belladonna. 
Oleum Phosphoratum. 
Aloes. 
Male Fern. 
Pepsin. 
Tr. Opium. 
Iron Sulphate. 
Sodium Salicylate. 
Potassium Acetate. 
Iodine. 
Quinine. 
Nux Vomica. 
Aqua Ammonia. 
Salol. 
Arsenic. 



99 

TABI,E OF THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS 
FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE SCALES 

To reduce Centigrade degrees to those of Fahrenheit 

Multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32 

To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to those of Centigrade scale 

Subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9 

TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS 



ocenti- 
grade. 


opahren- 
heit. 


OCenti: 
grade. 


°Fahren- 
heit. 


°Centi- 
grade. 


°Fahren- 
heit. 


—25 


—13. 





wr 


"25 


77. 


—24 


—11.2 


1 


33.8 


26 


78.8 


—23 


—9.4 


2 


35.6 


27 


80.6 


—22 


—7.6 


3 


37.4 


28 


82.4 


—21 


—5.8 


4 


39.2 


29 


84.2 


—20 


—4. 


5 


41. 


30 


86. 


—19 


—2.2 


6 


42.8 


31 


87.8 


—18 


—0.4 


7 


44.6 


32 


89.6 


—17 


1.4 


8 


46.4 


33 


^1.4 


—16 


3.2 


9 


48.2 


34 


93.2 


—15 


5. 


10 


50. 


35 


95. 


—14 


6.8 


11 


51.8 


36 


96.8 


—13 


8.6 


12 


53.6 


37 


98.6 


—12 


10.4 


13 


55.4 


38 


100.4 


—11 


12.2 


14 


57.2 


39 


102.2 


—10 


14. 


15 


59. 


40 


104. 


—9 


15.8 


16 


60.8 


41 


105.8 


—8 


17.6 


17 


62.6 


42 


107.6 


—7 


19.4 


18 


64.4 


43 


109.4 


—6 


21.2 


19 


66.2 


44 


111.2 


—5 


23. 


20 


68. 


45 


113. 


— 4 


24.8 


21 


69.8 


46 


114.8 


—3 


26.6 


22 


71.6 


47 


116.6 


—2 


28.4 


23 


73.4 


48 


118.4 


— 1 


30.2 


24 


75.2 


49 


120.2 



100 



ocenti- 
g rade. 


°Fahren. 
heit. 


°Centi- 
grade. 


°Fahren- 
heit. 


ocenti- 
grade. 


°Fahren- 
heit. 


50 


122. 


73 


163.4 


96 


204.8 


51 


123.8 


74 


165.2 


97 


206.6 


52 


125.6 


75 


167. 


98 


208.4 


53 


127.4 


76 


168.8 


99 


210.2 


54 


129.2 


77 


170.6 


100 


212 


55 


131. 


78 


172.4 


101 


213.8 


56 


132.8 


79 


174.2 


102 


215.6 


57 


134.6 


80 


176. 


103 


217.4 


58 


136.4 


81 


177.8 


104 


219.2 


59 


138.2 


82 


179.6 


105 


221. 


60 


140. 


83 


181.4 


106 


222.8 


61 


141.8 


84 


183.2 


107 


224.6 


62 


143.6 


85 


185. 


108 


226.4 


63 


145.4 


86 


186.8 


109 


228.2 


64 


147.2 


87 


188.6 


110 


230. 


65 


149. 


88 


190.4 


111 


231.8 


66 


150.8 


89 


192.2 


112 


233.6 


67 


152.6 


90 


194. 


113 


235.4 


68 


154.4 


91 


195.8 


114 


237.2 


69 


156.2 


92 


197.6 


115 


239. 


70 


158. 


93 


199.4 


116 


240.8 


71 


159.8 


94 


201.2 


117 


242.6 


72 


161.6 


95 


203. 


118 


244.4 



101 

The following is a list of ofncial delictuescent 
and eflBorescent salts 



EFFLORESCENT SALTS 

Alumen (slightly) 
Ammonii Carbonas 

Phosphas 
Antim. et Potass. Tar- 

tras (slightly). 
Cupri Acetas 

Sulphas 
Magnesii Sulphas 

(slightly) 
Potassii et Sodii Tar- 

tras (slightly). 
Ferrocyanidum 

(slightly) 
Quininae Bisulphas 

Sulphas (after a 
time) 
Soda (caustic) 
Sodii Acetas 

Arsenas (slightly) 

Benzoas 

Boras (slightly) 

Carbonas 

Hyposulphis 

Phosphas 

Santoninas (slightly) 

Sulphas 

Sulphis 
Strychninae Sulphas 
Zinci Acetas 

Sulphas 
For the various symbols, Latin words and 
phrases with their abbreviations see the follow- 
ing pages. 



DELIQUESCENT SALTS 

Ammonii lodidum 

Nitras 

Valerianas 
Auri Chloridum 
Calcii Chloridum 
Lithii Citras 

Bromidum 

Salicylas 
Magnesia Citras 
Potassa (caustic) 

Cum Calce 
Potassii Acetas 

Carbonas 

Citras 

Cyanidum 

Hypophosphis 

Sulphis 

Tartras 
Quinolin salts (except 

the Tartrate) 
Sodii Hypophosphis 

lodidum 
Zinci Bromidum 

Chloridum 

lodidum 



102 



LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES M^TH THEIR ABBRE-. 

VIATIONS AND ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 

WORDS OR PHRASES CONTRACTIONS ENG. EQUIVALENTS 

Abdomen Abd The belly. 

Ad Ad To, or up to. 

Adde Add Add. 

Addantur Add I.etf them)be added 

Addendus Add To be added. 

Addenda Add By adding. 

Adhihendus Adhib To be administer- 
ed. 

Adjacens Adjac. 

Ad libitum Ad lib. 

Admove Admov. 

Admoveatur Admov. 

Adversum Adv. . . 

Aliquot Aliq. 



. .Adjacent. 

. .At pleasure. 

. .Apply. 

. Let (it) be applied. 

. .Against. 

. .Some. 

Alter Alt The other. 

Alternis horis . . .Alt. hor. . . .Every other hour. 

Amplus Amp Large. 

Ampulla Ampul A large bottle. 



Ana 


. . A. or aa . 


. .Of each. 


Aqua 


..Aq 


. .Water. 


Aqua bulliens . 


..Aq. bull. 


..Boiling water. 


Aqua communis 


.Aq. com. 


..Common water 


Aqua fervens . . 


. .Aq. ferv. 


..Hot water. 


Aqua fluviatilis 


.Aq. fluv. . 


. .River water 


Aqua fontalis . . 


.Aq. font. 


. .Spring water. 


Aqua marina . . 


.Aq. mar. 


..Sea water. 


Aqua nivalis . . 


.Aq. niv. . 


..Snow water. 


Aqua pluvialis . 


.Aq. pluv. 


. .Rain water. 


Aut 


.Aut 


..Or. 



Balneum vaporis.B. V Vapor bath. 

Balsamum Bals Balsam. 

Bene Bene Well 

Bibe Bib Drink (thou) 

Biduum Bid Two days. 

Bis Bis Twice. 

Bis in die, or fZies.Bis. die . . .Twice a day. 

Bolus Bol A large pill. 

Bulliat or Bulli-. 

atit Bull Let boil. 



103 

Butyrum But Butter. 

Cceruleus Coerul Blue. 

Calef actus Calef Warmed. 

Cape Cap Take (thou) . 

Capiat Cap Let him take. 

Capsula Capsul A capsule. 

Caute Caute Cautiously. 

Charta Chart Paper. 

Chartula Chartul. .. .A small paper. 

Cibus Cib Food. 

Cochlear or Coch- 
leare Coch A spoonful. 

Cochleare am- 
plum .Coch. amp.. .A dessertspoonful. 

Cochleare mag- 
num Coch. mag. ..A tablespoonful. 

Cochlear parvinn .Coch. parv. .A teaspoonful. 

Cola Col Strain. 

Colatus Colat Strained. 

Collutoriu^m Collut A mouth wash. 

Collyrium Collyr An eye wash. 

Coloretur Let it be colored. 

Compositus Comp Compounded. 

Concisus Concis Cut. 

Congius Cong A Gallon. 

Conserva Cons A conserve, also^ 

Keep (thou). 

Contusus Contus Bruised. 

Cor, Cordis Cor The heart. 

Cortex, corticis . .Cort The bark. 

Coxa Cox The hip. 

.C?'as, crastinus . .Crast To-morrow. 

Cuius. cujus-Wbet .Ciij Of which, of anv. 

Cum C With. 

Cyathus, vel Cya- 

thus vinarius ..Cyath, C.vin A wine-glass, 
ar 

Da. cletur D., det Give, let be given. 

De De Of or from. 

DeMtus Deb Due, proper. 

Decanta Dec Pour off. 

Decern, decimus. .Decern Ten, the tenth. 

Decoctum Decoct A decoction. 

Decubitus Decub Lying down. 



104 

De die in diem ..De d. in d..From day to day. 

Dein vel Deinde .Dein Thereupon. 

Deglutiatur Degliit. . . . Let be swallowed. 

Dentur tales dos- Let 4 such doses 

es No. iv D.t.d. No. iv. be given. 

Dexter, Dextra . .Dext The right. 

DieMs alternis ...Dieb. alt. ..Every otner day. 
Dilue, Dilutus . . . Dil Dilute (thou) , Di- 
luted. 

Dimidius Dim One-half. 

Dividatur in par- Let it be divided 

tes wquales . . .D. in p. aeq. into equal parts. 

Dividendus-a-UTn. .myi^ To be divided. 

Dolor Dolor Pain. 

Donee Donee Until. 

Dosis D A dose. 

Drachma Dr. or ^^ . . .A dram ( 60grains ) 

Eadem (fem.) . ..Ead The same. 

Eiusdem Ejusd Of the same. 

ElectuariuTTi Elect An electuary. 

Emesis Emesis . . . .Vomiting. 

Enema En A clyster or enema 

Et Et And. 

Extende Ext Spread, 

Extractum Extr An extract. 

Extrahe Extrahe . . .Extract thou. 

Fac F Make. 

Fac pilulas duo- 

decim P. pil. XII.. Make twelve pills. 

Farina Flour. 

Fel)ris Febr Fever. 

Fervens Ferv Boiling. 

Fiat Ft Let be made (sing) 

Fiant Ft Let be made ( plu. ) 

Filtra Filtra Filter (thou). 

Fluidus Fluid., Fl. .Liquid. 

Formula A prescription. 

Gargarysma Garg A gargle. 

Gradation Grad By degrees, gradu- 
ally. 

Granum, Grana ..Gr Grain, Grains. 

Gratus Grat Pleasant. 

Gutta. Guttce . . . .Gtt A drop. Drops. 



105 

Guttatim Giittat By drops. 

Haustus Haust A draught. 

Hebdomada Hebdom. . .A week. 

Herbarum recen- 

tium Herb.recent.Of fresh herbs. 

Hie, Haec, Hoc . .Hie, hsec, hoc This. 

Hirudo Hirudo ....A leech. 

Hora H An hour. 

Idem Id The same. 

Imprimis Impr First. 

I7ieide, Incisus ..Inc Cut (thou), Being 

Cut. 
In dies Ind Daily, or from 

day to day. 

Infunde Infun Pour in. 

Infusum Infus An infusion. 

Injection ». . An injection. 

In Pulmento In gruel. 

Instar Instar As big as, the size 

of. 

Inter Inter Between. 

Internus,-a-u'm, ,.Int Inner or internal. 

Intus Intus Inwardly. 

Jam Jam Now. 

Juxta Juxta Near to. 

Lac, Lactis Lac Milk, of Milk. 

Lagena Lag A flask or bottle. 

Languor Lang Faintness. 

Libra Lb., or lb . ..A pound. 

Linimentum . . . .Linim A liniment. 

Linteum Lint Lint. 

Liquor Liq A solution. 

Lotio Lot A lotion. 

Macera Mac Macerate. 

Magnus Mag Large. 

Mane Mane In the morning. 

Manipulus M. or Man. .A handful. 

Manus Manus The hand. 

Massa, massa 

pilularis A mass,a pill-mass 

Matutinis .Vlatut In the morning. 

Medium Med Middle. 

Mensura Mensu By Measure. 

Mica Panis Mic. pan. . .Crumb of bread. 



106 

Minimum M. or min...A minim. 

Minutum A minute. 

Misce M Mix. 

Mistiira Mist A mixture. 

Mitte Mit Send. 

Modo prwscripto .Mod. praesc.ln the manner pre- 
scribed. 

More dictu Mor. dictu .In the manner di- 
rected. 

Mo7-e solito Mor. sol. . .In the usual man- 
ner. 

Mortarium, i . . . .Mort A mortar. 

Necnon Necn Also. 

Ne trades sine Ne.tr.s.num Do not deliver 
nummo without the money 

Nisi Nisi Unless. 

Non Non Not. 

Non repetatur . . .xN^oh repetat.Let it not be re- 
peated. 

Nox. Noctis Noc. noct. ..The night, of the 

night. 

Nucha The nape of the 

neck. 

Numero No In number. 

Octarius O. Oct A pint ( 5XVJ) 

Octavus Eight. 

Octo Octo Eight. 

Omni hori Omn. hor. ..Every hour. 

Opus Opus. .... ..Need, or occasion. 

Ovum Ov An egg. 

Pars. Partis Par. Pt. . . . A part, of a part. 

Partes cequdles ..Pt. aeq Equal parts. 

Parvulus Parvul An infant. A par- 

vule. 

Parvus Little. 

Pastillus Pastil A pastille. 

Pediluvium . . : A foot-bath. 

PeniciUum cam- Pencil. cam.A camel's hair pen 
elinum ........ cil or brush. 

Per Per Through, By. 

Phiala Phil A vial or bottle. 

Phiala prius agi- The bottle having^ 

tate P. P. A. ... been first shaken. 



107 



Pilula ......... 


..Pil 


. .A pill. 


Pocillum 


.Pocill. .. 


. ..A little cup. 


Poculum 


.Pocul. . . . 


. .A cup. 


Pdndere 


..P 


. ..By weight. 


Ponclus civile . . 


..P. civ. .. 


. ..Civil weight (av- 
oirdupois). 


Pondus medicin 




Medicinal (apome 


ale 




caries ) Weight 


Post cibo 


.Post cib. 


. .After eating. 


Potus 


.Potus ... 


..Drink. 


Prwparata 


.Praep. . . . 


. ..Prepared. 


Primus 


.Primus . 
.Pro 


. . .The first. 


Pro 


. .For. 


Pro re nata 


.P. r. n. .. 


..Occasionally, ac- 
cording to cir- 
cumstances. 


Pulvis 


.Pulv 


. .A powder. 


Quadrans-antis . 


.Quad. ... 


. .A quart. 


Quantum libet . . 


.Q. lib. ... 


. .As much as you 
please. 


Quantum sufficiat Q. s 


. .As much as may 






suffice. 


Quaque 


..Qq 


. . .Each, or Every. 


Quartus 


..Quart. ... 


. . .Fourth. 


Quatuor 


..Quat 


. .Pour. 


Quihus 


.Quibus . . 


. .From which. 


Quinque 


..Quinq. . . 


. ..Five. 


Quintus 


.Quint. .. 


. . .The fifth. 


Quoque 


..Q. Q 


. .Also. 


Quorum 


..Quor. ... 


. .Of which. 


Quotidie 


.Quotid. . . 


. . Daily. 


Ratio 




. .Proportion. 


Recens.-entis . . . 


.Rec 


. ..Fresh. 


Recipe 


R 


. Take. 


Reductus in pul- 


Red. in pulv.Let it be reduced 


verem 




. .. to powder. 


Reliquum 


.Reliq. . . . 


. .Remaining. 


Repetatur 


.Rept. ... 


. . .Let it be repeated. 


Retinere 


.Retin. ... 


. . To keep. 


Ruber, ruhra. ru 






brum 


.Rub 


. .Red, ruddy. 


Saltem 


.Saltern .. 


. .At least. 



108 

Saltim Saltim By leaps. 

8aturatus-a-um . .Sat Saturated. 

Scatula Scat A box. 

Scilicet Sell Namely. 

Scrupulum Scrup.. or ^A scruple (20 grs) 

Secundem artem .S. A According to art. 

Secundus Secund. . . . Second. 

Semel Semel Once. 

Semis or semissisSs A half. 

Septem Sept Seven. 

Septimana Septim A week. 

Sescuncia An ounce and a 

half. 

Sesquihora An hour and a half 

Sex Sex Six. 

Si Si If. 

Signa Sig Write, or Mark 

(thou). 
Signatur nomine Let it be written 

propria Sig.nom. pro with its proper 

name. 

Simul Simul Together. 

Sine Sin Without. 

Singulorum Sing.. Of each. 

Si opus sit Si op. sit . .If necessary. 

Sit Sit Let it be. 

Solus Sol Alone. 

Solve Solv Dissolve. 

Somnus Somnus. . . . Sleep. 

Spiritus vini rec- Rectified spirit of 

tificatus .Spt.vin.rect. wine (alcohol). 

Spiritus vini te- 
nuis Spt. vin. ten.Proofspirit. 

Statim Stat Immediately. 

Stet, or Stent . . .St Let it (or them) 

stand. 

Suhinde Subind Frequently. 

Sumat talem ....Sum. tal. ..Let him take one 

like this. 

Sume Sum Take. 

Supra Supra Above. 

Tabella Tab A lozenge. 

Talis Tal Such a one. 



109 

Ter Ter Thrice, or Three 

times. 

Ter in die, or Ter 
die T.i.d.or T.D.Thrice daily. 

Tero Tero I rub. 

Tere simul Tere sim . .Rub together. 

Tertius Tert Third. 

Tinctura Tinct.or Tr.TinctUi., 

Tres Tres Three. 

Triduum Trid Three days. 

Tritura Trit Triturate. 

Troschiscus, Tro- 

chisin Troch A lozenge or 

troche. 

Tussis Tus. A cough. 

Ultimo (or Ulti- 
ma) proescriptusVlt. praesc .The last ordered. 

Una Una Together. 

Uncia Unc. or '^. .An ounce. 

Ut dictum Ut. diet. ...As directed. 

Vas vitreum Vas vit. ...A glass vessel. 

Vehiculum Vehic A vehicle or men- 
struum. 

Vel Vel Or. 

Vesper-eris Vesp The evening. 

Vices Vic Turns. 

Vinum Vin Wine. 

Vires Vir Strength. 

Vitellus Vitel Yolk. 

Vitreum, Vitrum.. Yitr Glass. 

Volatilis, is, Vola- 
tile Volat Volatile. 



110 
INCOMPATIBILITY. 

In prescription writing, incompatibility may 
be defined as an interference, with each other, 
of the constituents of a mixture in a way not 
intended by the prescribe'r. Sometimes there 
is intentional incompatibility by the preseriber 
as in the case of white lotion, p. 89. 

There are three types of incompatibility: 
Chemic, Pharmaceutic and Physiologic. 

Cliemic IncompatiMlity occurs when a new 
chemic compound results. In general it may be 
recognized in one of three ways: 1. By precip- 
itation — the formation of an insoluble com- 
pound. 2. By effervescence or explosion — evo- 
lution of gas. 3. By a change in color. An- 
other form may be referred to, because it is 
not easy to recognize any change and therefore 
more dangerous. A new product may be 
formed, possibly of a poisonous nature and 
remain in solution without in the least chang- 
ing the appearance of the mixture. The avoid- 
ance of this form of incompatibility rests upon 
a knowledge of the ordinary chemic reactions, 
and the knowledge cannot be too greatly em- 
phasized. Chemic incompatibility is not always 
evident immediately, some little time may 
elapse before changes occur. A general rule is 
that substances are incompatible if they are 
used in testing for each other or if they form 
antidotes. 

Pharmaceutic Incompatibility results in the 
production of an unsightly appearance due to 
physical changes. It is, therefore, largely a 
question of solvents and solubility, and often 



Ill 

occurs when solids or liquids are added to solu- 
tions, thereby changing their densities. It 
occurs when there is a combination of such sub- 
stances as are physically incapable of mixing; 
thus, if spirit of nitrous ether be added to 
tincture of guaicum a gelatinous mass will re- 
sult, or if resinous tinctures be added to 
-aqueous solutions the resins will separate. 

Physiologic or Therapeutic Incompatibility 
depends upon the antagonistic or opposite 
physiologic or therapeutic actions of the drugs, 
so that one drug may weaken or neutralize the 
action of another with regard to its effects upon 
the tissues. Atropine and pilocarpine are ex- 
amples of antagonists therapeutically. No two 
drugs, however, are exactly opposed to each 
other throughout their whole range of action, 
and more or less latitude in this respect may 
be permitted in prescribing. 

Incompatibility must always be kept in mind 
in writing a prescription. It is best avoided, 
as a rule, by not attempting, to combine too 
many drugs. Some general principles which 
it is well to keep in mind may be formulated as 
follows: 

Acids should not be added to alkalies, alka- 
line salts or vegetable acids on account of de- 
composition and chemic change. 

Solutions of alkaloids are incompatible with 
tannic acid, alkalies, alkaline salts, iodides and 
bromides on account of precipitation. 

Glucosides (Digitalin, Salicin, etc.) are de- 
composed by acids. 

A mixture of salts in solution will decom- 



112 

pose if either an insoluble compound or double 
salt can be formed. 

Chloral is incompatible with alkaline solu- 
tions, chloroform is produced. 

Potassium chlorate, nitrate or permanganate 
liberate oxygen and should not be mixed with 
readily oxidizable substances, such as charcoal, 
sugar, sulphur, glycerin, carbolic acid, iodine, 
turpentine, and organic materials, lest explosive 
compounds be formed. 

Lime water precipitates mercury salts. Calo- 
mel and prussic acid form the poisonous mer- 
curic cyanide. 

Calomel should not be combined with nitro- 
hydrochloric acid as corrosive sublimate may 
be produced. Both calomel and antipyrin are 
incompatible with sweet spirit of nitre. 

Liquid iron preparations are incom'patible 
with fluid preparations of the vegetable bitters 
(except calumba and quassia), because the 
tannic acid in them forms a precipitate. 

Considerable quantities of acid are incom- 
patible with tinctures, because ethers are 
formed. 

Water causes precipitates with tinctures con- 
taining resins. 

Gum arable is incompatible with lead and 
iron salts and mineral acids. 

Solutions of potassium chlorate and iodide 
unite to form a poisonous compound. 

For convenient reference, the following list 
of the more important incompatibles, taken 
from Merck's Report Ready Reference, is given. 

Acacia — mineral acids; alcohol; ammonia; 



113 

antimony and potassium tartrate; borax (unless 
syrup or glycerin is present) ; ether; ferric 
salts (not if excess of acid present) ; lead sub- 
acetaie (not acetate) ; lead-water; mercuric 
chloride (concent, sol.); potassium bitartrate 
and tartrate; silicates; syrup squill; tinct. 
guaiac (blue color),' tinctures (alcoholic and 
ethereal). 

AcETANiLiD — amyl nitrite; bromine and bro- 
mides of alkalies; carbolic acid; chloral hy- 
drate; iodides of alkalies; nitrites; piperazine; 
potassium hydroxide; pyrocatechin; resorcin; 
sodium hydroxide; spirit nitrous ether; thymol. 

Acids — alcohol (with strong acids) ; alkalies; 
alkaloids; benzoates and borates (with strong 
acids) ; bismuth and ammonium citrate*; bicar- 
bonates; bromides (of weak acids); carbon- 
ates; chlorides (of weak acids) ; iodides (of 
weak bases) ; metallic salts (with organic 
acids) ; pancreatin; potassium and sodium tar- 
trate; potassium tartrate; salicylates; silicates. 

Acid, Arsenous — copper sulphate; decoction 
cinchona; dialyzed iron; ferric hydrate; lime 
water; salts of aluminium, antimony, barium, 
calcium, chromium, copper, lead, magnesium, 
mercury, silver, zinc; potassium iodide; tannic 
acid; vegetable astringent decoctions and in- 
fusions. 

Acid, Benzoic — free bromine or chlorine; 
ferric salts; hydrogen dioxide with sulphuric 
acid; urethane. 

Acid, Boric — alkaline hydrates; alkaline 
earths (hydrates) ; carbonates. See also 
Borates. 



114 

AcTD, Carbolic — acetanilid; albumin; anti- 
pyrin; antisepsin; bromal hydrate; bromine 
water; butyl chloral hydrate; camphor; cam- 
phor monobromated; chloral hydrate; collodion; 
diuretin; exalgin; ferric salts; gelatin (in di- 
lute solution); hydrogen dioxide; lead acetate; 
m^thol; naphtalin; naphtol; nitric acid; 
phenacetin; potassium permanganate; pyro- 
gallol; resorcin; salol; sodium phosphate; 
thymol; urethane; terpin hydrate. 

Acid, Chromic — alcohol; bromides; chlorides; 
ether; glycerin; hypophosphites; iodides; oxal- 
ates; sulphides; sulphites; tartrates. See also 
chromates. 

Acid, Citric — acetates; acids (mineral); car- 
bonates; potassium tartrate; sulphides. See 
also citrates. 

Acid, Gallic — arsenic acid; carbonates; cop- 
per salts; ferric salts (if excess of acid absent) ; 
gold salts; lead acetate; iodine; lime water; 
nitric acid; opium in solution; potassium per- 
manganate; silver salts; sodium bicarbonate; 
tartar emetic. 

Acid, Hydrochloric — alkalies; bromates; 
carbonates; chlorates; chromates; lead salts; 
mercurous salts; oxides; permanganates; silver 
salts; tartar emetic. See also chlorides. 

Acid, Hydrocyanic, Dilute — acids (mineral) ; 
antimony oxide; copper and iron salts; mer- 
cury oxide; silver nitrate; sulphides. See also 
cyanides. 

Acid, Lactic — albumin; milks; oxidizers gen- 
erally. 

Acid. Nitric — alcohol, alkalies; carbonates; 



115 

ferrous sulphate; lead acetate; oils (essential); 
sulphides. 

Acid, Osmic — all organic or oxidizable sub- 
stances; iodides. 

Acid, Oxalic — arsenates; gold salts; metallic 
salts generally (all but those of aluminium, 
chromium and magnesium). 

Acid, Phosphoric, Meta — albumin; ferric 
chloride; gelatin; lead acetate; silver nitrate. 

Acid, Phosphoric, Ortho — chlorides of bari- 
um, calcium and magnesium (in ammoniacal 
solutions); lead acetate; silver nitrate; soluble 
iron phosphate; and pyrophosphate. 

Acid, Picric — albumin; alkaloids; gelatin; 
oxidizable substances; piperazine. 

Acid, Salicylic — Ferric salts; exalgin; lead 
acetate; lime water; potassium iodide; quinine 
salts; sodium phosphate; spirit- nitrous ether; 
urethane. 

Acid, Sulphuric — alcohol; barium and cal- 
cium salts; carbonates; hypophosphorous acid; 
metals; oils (essential) ; lead, mercurous, silver 
and strontium salts; organic substances; sul- 
phides; vegetable astringent infusions. 

Acid, Tannic — albumin; alkaloids; amyl 
nitrite; antipyrin; arsenic acid; bromine; cal- 
cium chloride (concent, solution); chlorine; 
chromic acid; ferric salts; gelatin; glucosides; 
gluten; hydrochloric acid; iodine; iodoform; 
lime water; nitric acid; permanganate; pipera- 
zine; salts of antimony, bismuth, chromium, 
copper, gold, lead, mercury and silver; spirit 
nitrous ether; potassium chlorate or other oxidi- 
zers; sulphuric acid; potassium bichromate. 



116 

Acid, Tartaeic — alkalies; calcium salts; car- 
bonates; lead salts; lime water; mercury salts; 
vegetable astringents. 

AcoNiTiNE — hot acids, alkalies or water. An- 
tagonists; atropine; digitalis; morphine; sco- 
parin; strychnine. See also alkaloids. 

Albumin — acetic acid (with heat) ; alcohol; 
alum; ammonium sulphate; camphor; carbolic 
acid; coniine; collodion; copper sulphate; ether; 
ferric chloride; heat; hydrogen peroxide; lactic 
acid; mercuric chloride; metallic salts; meta- 
phosphoric acid; mineral acids; picric acid; tan- 
nic acid; thymol; volatile oils. 

Alcohol — acacia; albumin; bromine; chlor- 
ine; chromic acid; inorganic salts; mercuric 
chloride; mineral acids; potassium permanga- 
nate. Antagonists: Cocaine; strychnine. 

Alkaloids — alkalies; alkali carbonates and 
bicarbonates; ammonium chloride; benzoates; 
bichromates; bromides; borax; cyanides; gold 
chloride; ichthyol; iodides; mercuric chloride; 
oxalic acid; picric acid; piperazine; potassio- 
mercuric iodide (not if acacia present) ; oxidiz- 
ers; sodium phosphate; tannic acid; salicylates. 

Aloes — mercury nitrate; silver nitrate. 

Aloin — Alkali hydrates; bromine water; fer- 
ric chloride; lead acetate, basic (not neutral); 
tannic acid. 

Alum — alkali hydrates; borax; carbonates; 
galls; kino; lead acetate; lime water; magnesia 
and magnesium carbonate; mercury salts; ' 
phosphates; tartaric acid; potassium chlorate. 

Ammonium Carbonate — acid salts; alkalies; 
alum; calomel; copper, iron, lead and silver 



117 

salts.; magnesia; magnesium sulphate; mer- 
curic' chloride; potassium bitartrate and bisul- 
phate; tartar emetic; zinc sulphate. See also 
carbonates. 

Amyl Nitrite — alcohol; antipyrin; caustic 
potassa. Antagonists: chloroform, cocaine; 
morphine; strychnine. 

Angustura — acids (mineral; cinchona infu- 
sion; copper sulphate; galls infusion; ferrous 
sulphate; lead acetate; mercuric chloride; sil- 
ver nitrate; catechu infusion; zinc sulphate. 

Anthemis — cinchona infusion; gelatin; iron 
salts; lead salts; mercuric chloride; silver 
nitrate. 

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate — acacia; 
acids (mineral); albumin; alcohol; alkalies; 
ammonia; ammonium carbonate; antipyrin; 
bicarbonates; calcium chloride; carbonates; 
gelatin; lead salts; lime water; mercuric chlo- 
ride; metallic salts; sulphides; tannic acid; 
vegetable decoctions and infusions. 

Antimony Sulphide — chlorates and other 
oxidizers; nitric acid. 

Antipyrin — alum; ammonia water; amyl 
nitrite; benzoates; beta naphtol; bromine; car- 
bolic acid; calomel; chloral hydrate; copper 
sulphate; chromic acid; cinchona alkaloids; 
euphorin; ferric chloride; ferrous sulphate; 
hydrocyanic acid; iodides; iodine; lead subacet- 
ate; mercuric chloride; potassium permanga- 
nate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; sodi- 
um bicarbonate; sodium salicylate; solution 
arsenic and mercury iodide; spirit nitrous 
€ther; syrup ferrous iodide; tartar emetic; 



118 

tannic acid; thymol; urethane; infusions of 
catechu, cinchona, rose leaves and uva ursi; 
tinctures of catechu, cinchona, hamamelis, io- 
dine and rhubarb; orthoform. 

Apomorphine Hydrochloride — a 1 k a 1 i hy- 
drates and carbonates; alkaloidal reagents gen- 
erally; ferric chloride; iodides; lime water; 
permanganates; picric acid; silver nitrate; tan- 
nic acid. Antagonists: chloral hydrate; chloro- 
form; strychnine. 

Aristol — Water; substances having affinity 
for iodine. 

Arnica — acids (mineral) ; ferrous sulphate, 
lead acetate; zinc sulphate. 

Arsenates — hypophosphites; iodides and 
sulphides in acid solutions; salts of aluminium, 
antimony, barium, calcium, chromium, copper, 
lead, mercury, silver, and zinc in neutral solu- 
tions; tannic acid; iron salts. 

Arsenic — See acid arsenous. 

Arsenic Iodide — alkaloids generally. 

Arsenites — dialyzed iron; ferric hydrate; hy- 
pophosphorous acid and hypophosphites ( in 
acid solution); salts of heavy metals; tannic 
acid; copper sulphate; potassium iodide; silver 
nitrate; sulphides; vegetable astringent decoc- 
tions and infusions. 

Atropine — See belladonna. 

Balsam Peru — ferric salts; iodoform; hydro- 
gen peroxide. 

Barium Salts — carbonates; chromates; ox- 
alic acid or oxalates; phosphoric acid or 
phosphates; sulphuric acid or sulphates; tannic 
acid; tartaric acid or tartrates. 



119 

Belladonna — alkaloidal precipitants; alkali 
hydrates or acids with heat; tannic acid; vege- 
table decoctions or infusions. Antagonists: 
Aconitine; bromal hydrate; chloral hydrate j 
hydrocyanic acid; jaborandi; morphine; mus- 
carine; physostigmine; Phytolacca; pilocarpine; 
quinine. 

Bexzaldehyde — ammonia water; caustic po- 
tassa; phenol, resorcin or pyrocatechin in ab- 
sence of hydrochloric acid; sodium bisulphite. 

Benzoates — acids; ferric salts. 

Benzoix — acids; alkalies; water. 

Berberine Salts — alkaloidal precipitants, sol- 
uble tartrates. 

Bicarbonates — like carbonates. 

Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate — acids. 

Bismuth Subgallate — acids. 

Bismuth Subnitrate — alkali carbonates and 
hydrates; calomel; hypophosphites; gallic acid; 
iodides; salicylic acid; sulphur, tannic acid. 

Borates — acids (mineral) ; alkaloidal salts; 
metallic salts. 

Bromal Hydrate — acetamide; borneol; car- 
bolic acid; exalgin; menthol; pyrocatechin; 
urea; urethrane. Antagonist.. Atropine. 

Bromides — acids; alkaloids; antimony salts; 
bismuth salts; chlorine water; chlorates (in 
acid solution); chromates (in acid solution); 
copper, lead, mercurous, and silver salts; spirit 
nitrous ether (if acid) ; nitric acid. 

Bromine Water — alkali hydrates; arsenites; 
ferrous salts; hypophosphites; hydriodic acid; 
mercurous salts. 



120 

Bkomoform — caustic alkalies; aqueous liquids. 

BucHU — ferrous sulphate; infusion galls. 

Butyl-chloral Hydrate Croton-ciiloral Hy- 
drate) — acetamide; alkalies; camphor; carbolic 
acid; exalgin; menthol; piperazine; pyroca- 
techin; thymol; urethane. 

Cadmium Salts (Soluble) — alkalies, carbon- 
ates; chromates; phosphates; sulphides. 

Caffeine — like alkaloids in general. Antag- 
onists: chloral hydrate; cocaine; morphine; 
physostigmine. 

Calcium Carbonate — acids; alum; ammo- 
nium chloride. 

Calcium Salts (Soluble) — alkalies; carbon- 
ates; citrates (with heat); oxalates; phos- 
phates; tartrates. 

Calomel — See mercurous chloride. 

Calumba — acids (mineral); ammonia; cin- 
chona infusion; galls infusion; ferric salts; lead 
acetate; lime water; mercuric chloride; silver 
nitrate; tartar emetic. 

Camphor — butyl-chloral hydrate ; carbolic 
acid; chloral hydrate; chromic acid; dichlor- 
acetic acid; euphorin; hydrochloric acid; men- 
thol; monochloracetic acid; naphthol; potas- 
sium permanganate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; 
resorcin; salol; salicylic acid; thymol; ureth- 
ane; water. 

Camphor, Monobromated — carbolic acid; 
chloral hydrate; euphorin; pyrocatechin; salol; 
thymol. 

Cantharidin — copper sulphate; lead acetate; 
mercuric chloride; silver nitrate. 

Capsicum — alum; ammonia; carbonates (alka- 



121 

line); copper sulphate; ferrous sulphate; galls 
infusion; lead acetate; mercuric chloride; silver 
nitrate; zinc sulphate. 

Caebonates — acids; acid salts; alkaloidal 
salts; bismuth subnitrate; salts of aluminium, 
antimony, barium, bismutn, cadium, calcium, 
chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, (ic and ous), 
lead, manganese, mercury (ic and ous), nickel, 
silver, strontium and zinc; urethane. 

Cardamom — acids; ferrous sulphate; mercuric 
chloride. 

Catechu — acids (mineral); albumin; alka- 
lies; calcium salts; cinchona infusion; ferric 
and ferrous salts; gelatin; lime water; mer- 
curic chloride; zinc sulphate. 

Charcoal — all oxidizers (potassium chlorate, 
potassium permanganate, etc.). 

Chloral Hydrate — acetanilid; alcohol; al- 
kalies; ammonium salts; borax; borneol; cam- 
phor; camphor monobromated; carbolic acid; 
diuretin; euphorin; exalgin; glycerin (with 
heat); lead acetate; menthol; mercuric oxide 
and nitrate; phenacetin; piperazine; potassium 
cyanide; potassium permangante; potassium 
iodide; pyrocatechin; quinine sulphate; salol; 
sodium phosphate; thymol; urea; urethane. 
Antagonists: ammonium chloride; atropine; 
brucine; carbolic acid; caffeine; cocaine; co- 
deine; digitalis; physostigmine; picrotoxin; 
strychnine; thebaine. 

Chlorates — ammonium picrate; arsenites or 
bromides (in acid solution); carbolic acid; 
charcoal; cyanides; ferrous salts (in acid solu- 
tion) ; gallic acid; glycerin; honey; hydro- 



122 

chloric acid; hypophosphites; hyposulphites; 
iodides (in acid solution); iodine; iron (re- 
duced); lycopodium; mercurous salts (in acid 
solution); oxalic acid; phosphorus (amor- 
phous) ; sulphides in acid solution; sulphuric 
acid; salicylic acid; shellac; starch; sugar; 
sulphides; sulphites. 

Chlorides — hydrogen peroxide; lead, mer- 
curous, and silver salts; nitric and sulphuric 
acids. 

Chlorinated Lime — fats; glycerine; iodides; 
oils. 

Chlorine Water — alkalies; ammonium salts; 
arsenous salts; bromides; ferrous salts; hypo- 
phosphites; iodides; lead salts; lime water; 
mercurous salts; oxalic acid; silver salts. 

Chloroform — caustic alkalies; aqueous fluids. 
Antagonists : amyl nitrite. 

Chromates — barium, bismuth, lead, mangan- 
ese, mercury, silver, and strontium salts. 

Cinchona — acids (mineral); alkalies; car- 
bonates; alkaloidal precipitants; ferric and 
ferrous salts; lead acetate; lime water; mag- 
nesia; mercuric chloride; rhubarb infusion; sil- 
ver nitrate; tartar emetic; zinc sulphate. 

Citrates — alcohol; lead acetate; potassium 
permanganate (in acid solution) ; silver nitrate. 

Cocaine — acids (concent.); alkaloidal precip- 
itants;. alkalies; caustic alkalies; hot water. 
Cocaine hj^drochloride is incompatible with 
calomel, chloroform water, mercuric oxide and 
silver nitrate. Antagonists: alcohol; amyl ni- 
trite; caffeine; chloral hydrate; digitalis; 
morphine. 



123 

Codeine — alkalies; alkaloidal precipitants; 
ammonium bromide or chloride; ammonium 
valerianate; copper, iron, and lead salts. An- 
tagonist: chloral hydrate. 

Colchicine — acids; alkalies; alkaloidal pre- 
cipitants. 

Collodion — carbolic acid; aqueous fluids. 

CoLocYNTH — alkalies; ferrous sulphate; lead 
sulphate; lime water; mercuric chloride; sil- 
ver nitrate. 

CoNiiNE — albumin; aluminium salts; alkaloid- 
al precipitants; chromic acid; copper, iron, 
manganese, and zinc salts. 

CoNiuM — acids (vegetable); alkalies; tannic 
acid. 

Copaiba — acids (mineral) ; caustic alkalies; 
both calcium hydrate and magnesia solidify it; 
water. 

Copper Ammoniated — acids; alkalies; lime 
water. 

Copper Sulphate — alkalies; ammonium ace- 
tate; arsenites; arsenous acid; calcium chlo- 
ride; carbonates; ferric acetate; glucose (in 
alk. sol.); iodides; lead acetate; lime water; 
mercuric chloride; potassium tartrate; phos- 
phates; silver nitrate; sodium borate; vege- 
table astringent infusions and tinctures. 

Corrosive Sublimate — See mercuric chloride. 

Creosote (Beechwood) — acacia; albumin; 
cupric, ferric, gold, and silver salts; nitric 
acid; oxidizers. 

Cyanides — acids; alkaloids; chloral hydrate; 
iodine, lead, mercurous, and silver salts; per- 



124 

manganates; potassium chlorate; potassium 
nitrate. Antagonisi : atropine. 

Decoctions — like infusions. 

Digitalis — acids; alkalies; alkaloidal precipi- 
tants; cinchona infusion; ferrous sulphate; lead 
acetate; tannic acid and other vegetable astrin- 
gents. Antagonists: aconite; chloral hydrate; 
cocaine; glonoin; muscarine; saponin; sco- 
parin; strychnine. 

DiuBETiN — acids; bicarbonates; borates; car- 
bolic acid; chloral hydrate; ferric chloride; 
phosphates; phosphoric acid. Also those of 
salicylates. 

Ekgot — alkaloidal precipitants; tannic acid. 

Ether — bromine; chromic acid. 

Ether Acetic — alkalies; chlorine water; 
chromic acid; water. 

Ethyl Bromide — alkalies; ammonia water. 

EucALYPTOL — potassium permanganate. 

Exalgin — bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hy- 
drate; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; euphorin; 
menthol; naphtol; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; 
resorcin; salicylic acid; salol; thymol; ureth- 
ane. 

Formaldehyde — albumin; alkalies; ammonia; 
bisulphites; gelatin; copper, gold and silver 
salts; phenylhydrazine; iron and tannin prepa- 
rations. 

Gelatin — alcohol; alumnol; chlorine water; 
ferric salts; formaldehyde; mercuric chloride; 
metaphosphoric acid; picric acid; platinum 
chloride; potassium ferrocyanide ; tannic acid; 
tartar emetic. 



125 

Gentian — ferric and ferrous salts; lead ace- 
tate. 

Glonoin — alkalies; carbonates; hydrochloric 
acid; hydriodic acid. 

Glucosides — acids; alkalies; ferments; lead 
acetate and subacetate; hot water; tannic acid. 

Glycerin — chromic acid; hot acids; lead ox- 
ide; potassium permanganate; silver nitrate. 

Glycyrrhizin, Ammoniated — acids (min- 
eral) ; alkalies; metallic salts. 

Gold and Sodium Chloride — alkalies; alka- 
loids; arsenites; hypophosphorous acid; ferrous 
and mercurous salts; organic substances; oxalic 
acid; potassium iodide; sulphurous acid; thy- 
mol; vegetable infusions. 

GuAiAC Resin — acids (mineral); acacia; chlo- 
rine water; chromic acid; ferric and gold chlo- 
rides; metallic salts; potassium permanganate; 
spirit nitrous ether. 

Guaiacol — like creosote. 

HoMATROPiNE — like belladonna. 

Hydrastis — alkaloidal precipitants. 

Hydrogen Dioxide — alkalies; albumin; am- 
monia; arsenous salts; balsam Peru; carbolic 
acid; charcoal; chlorides; chlorine water; 
citrates of alkalies; ferric salts; glycerin; gold 
salts; hydrocyanic acid; hypophosphites; 
iodides; lime water; manganese dioxide; mer- 
curous salts; nitrates; potassium bromide; po- 
tassium permanganate; sulphates; solution of 
chlorinated soda; tartrates; tinctures gener- 
ally. 

Hyoscyamus — acids; alkaloidal precipitants; 



126 

ferrous sulphate; lead acetate; silver nitrate; 
vegetable astringents. 

Hypopiiosphites — arsenic salts; bromine and 
bromates; chlorine and chlorates; chromates; 
cupric salts; ferric salts; iodine and iodates; 
nitric acid; permanganates; sulphuric acid; 
sulphurous acid. 

IcHTHYOL — acids; alcohol; alkaloids; carbon- 
ates; iron salts. 

Infusions — alkaloidal salts; aluminium-hy- 
drate solution; lead acetate and subacetate; 
mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic. 

Iodides — alkaloids; arsenic salts (in acid 
sol.); bromine; chlorine; bismuth, cupric, fer- 
ric, lead, mercury (ic and ous), and silver 
salts; hydrogen peroxide (in acid sol.) ; nitric 
acid; nitrites (in acid sol.). 

Iodine — alkalies; alkaline earths; chloral hy- 
drate; alkaloids; ferrous salts; hypophosphites; 
hyposulphites; meicurous salts, metals; oils; 
turpentine; starch, tannic acid. 

Iodoform — alkalies (with heat) ; balsam 
Peru; calomel; mercuric oxide; oils (in the 
light); silver nitrate; tannic acid. 

Ipecac — lead acetate; vegetable astringents. 

Iron (Ferrous) Salts — alkalies; carbonates; 
chromates; chlorates (in acid sol.); ferricyan- 
ides; gold salts; hydrogen dioxide; mercuric 
salts; phosphates; permanganates; sulphides; 
tannic acid; silver salts. 

Iron (Ferric) Salts — acacia; albumin; alka- 
lies; apomorphine; aloin; benzoates; carbon- 
ates; creosote; balsam Peru; benzoin (in alcohol 
sol.); diuretin; gallic acid; gelatin; guaiac; 



127 

guaiacol; hydriodic acid; hypophosphites; hy- 
posulphites; iodides; morphine; oils of bay, 
cloves, cinnamon, pimento, thyme, and winter- 
green; pyrogallol; resorcin; salol; sulphides; 
sulphites; salicylates; tannic acid; vegetable 
infusions and decoctions. 

Iron Chloride (Ferric) — acacia; albumin; 
alkalies; carbonates; gelatin; lime water; mag- 
nesium carbonate; piperazine; vegetable decoc- 
tions, infusions and tinctures. 

Iron Sulphate (Ferrous) — alkalies; am- 
monium, barium, and calcium chlorides; car- 
bonates; gold and silver salts; lead acetate; 
lime water; potassium iodide; piperazine; 
potassium nitrate; Rochelle salt; sodium bo- 
rate; tannin; vegetable astringent infusions. 

Lead Acetate — acids; alkalies; bromides; 
carbolic acid; carbonates; chloral hydrate; 
chlorides; chromates; cyanides; glucosides; 
gums; hydrochloric acid; iodides; opium; pyro- 
catec-iin; pyrogallol; resorcin; salicylic acid; 
sodium phosphate; sodium salicylate; sul- 
phates; sulphides; sulphites; tannic acid; urea; 
urethane; vegetable decoctions, infusions, and 
tinctures. 

Lead Subacetate — see sol. lead subacetate. 

LupuLiN — salts of iron, mercury, platinum 
and tin. 

Magnesia — acids; with copaiba forms solid 
mass; with little water becomes hydrated. 

Magnesium Salts — alkalies; arsenates; car- 
bonates; lead acetate; lime water; oxalates; 
phosphates; silver nitrate; sulphites; tartrates. 

Manganese Salts — alkalies; carbonates; bro- 



128 

mine; chlorine, and iodine (in alk. sol.); cyan- 
ides; phosphates. 

Menthol — bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hy- 
drate; camphor; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; 
chromic acid; exalgin; naphtol; potassium per- 
manganate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; 
thymol; urethane. 

Mercuric Chloride (Corrosive Sublimate) 
— albumin; alkalies; alkaloids; ammonia; anti- 
monous and arsenous salts; bromides; borax; 
carbonates; copper salts; ferrous salts; formic 
acid; glucosides; honey; hypophosphites or 
hypophosphorous acid; iodides; infusions of 
cinchona, col umbo, oak bark, and senna; lead 
salts; lime water; milk; phosphates; pipera- 
zine; silver nitrate; soap; sulphates of potas- 
sium or sodium; sulphides; syrup sarsaparilla 
compound; tannic acid; tartar emetic; vegetable 
astringents; zinc salts. 

Mercurous Chloride (Calomel) — acacia; 
acids (mineral); alkalies; ammonia; antimony 
sulphide, golden; arsenites (in alk. mixtures); 
bromides; carbonates; chlorides; citric acid; 
cocaine; cyanides; copper salts; hydrocyanic 
acid; hydrogen peroxide; hypophosphorous 
acid; iodides; iodine; iodoform; lead salts; 
lime v^ater; mercuric oxides; pilocarpine; so- 
dium bicarbonate; sugar (cane and milk; silver 
salts; soaps; sulphides; tragacanth. 

Mercury Ammoniated (White Precipitate) 
— acids; alkalies; bromine; chlorine; iodine; 
lime water. 

Mercury Iodide, Red — like mercuric chloride. 



129 

Mkrcury Iodide, Yellow — like mercurous 
chloride. 

Mercury Oxide — mineral acids; chloral hy- 
drate; mercuric chloride. 

Mercury Subsulphate (Turpeth Mineral) 
— acids; caustic alkalies. 

Methylelxe Blue — caustic potassa; potas- 
sium bichromate; potassium iodide; reducing 
agents; sulphuric acid. 

Morphine — alkaloidal precipitants; borax; 
chlorates; ferric chloride; iodates; iodides; 
iodine; lead acetate and subacetate; magnesia; 
spirit nitrous ether; silver nitrate. See also 
alkaloids. Antagonists: atropine; caffeine; 
chloroform; cocaine; daturine; gelsemium; 
hyoscyamine; nicotine; paraldehyde; physos- 
tigmine; picrotoxin; veratrum viride. 

Musk — acids (mineral) ; cinchona infusion; 
ferrous sulphate; mercuric chloride; silver 
nitrate. 

Naphtalin — carbolic acid; chromic acid; 
pyrocatechin; salol. 

Naphtol Beta — antipyrin; camphor; carbolic 
acid; chlorinated lime; exalgin; ferric chloride; 
menthol; potassium permanganate; pyrocate- 
chin; urethane. 

Nitrites — Acetanilid; antipyrin; chlorates; 
chromates; gold chloride; hypophosphites; io- 
dates; iodides; mercury salts (ic and ous) ; per- 
manganates; sulphites; tannic acid; vegetable 
astringent decoctions; infusions or tinctures. 

Nitroglycerin — see glonoin. 

Nux Vomica — see strychnine. 



130 

Oil Turpentine — bromine; chlorine; iodine; 
water. 

Oil Wintergreen — like acid salicylic. 

Opium — alkalies; alkaloidal precipitants; car- 
bonates; catechu; cinchona; copper salts; galls; 
iron salts; kino; lead acetate and subacetate; 
lime water; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; 
zinc sulphate. Antagonists : see morphine. 

Oxalates — see oxalic acid. 

Pancreatin — acids; alcohol; sodium chloride 
(in excess). 

Paraldehyde — alkalies; hydrocyanic acid; 
iodides; oxidizers. 

Pepsin — alcohol; alkalies; tannic acid; vege- 
table decoctions and infusions. 

Phenacetin — acids (strong; alkalies 
(strong); carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; io- 
dine; oxidizers; piperazine; pyrocatechin; sali- 
cylic acid. 

Phenocoll Hydrochloridp: — acids (nitric or 
nitro-hydrochloric) ; alum; benzoates; chloral 
hydrate; cinchona; compound tincture or decoc- 
tion; mercuric chloride; piperazine; potassium 
acetate, bicarbonate, bromide, citrate or sul- 
phate. 

Phosphates — see acid phosphoric. 

Phosphorus — all oxidizers. 

Physostigmine — see alkaloids. Antagonists: 
atropine; caffeine; chloral hydrate; morphine; 
strychnine. 

PiCROTOxiN — acids. Antagonists: chloral hy- 
drate; morphine. 

Pilocarpine Hydrochloride — alkaloidal pre- 



131 

cipitants; calomel; potassium permanganate. 
Antagonists: atropine. 

PiPERAziNE — acetanilid; alkaloidal salts; 
alum; butyl-chloral hydrate; carbolic acid; 
chloral hydrate; copper sulphate; ferric chlor- 
ide; ferrous sulphate; mercuric chloride; phen- 
acetin; phenocoll hydrochloride; picric acid: 
potassium permanganate; quinine; silver ni- 
trate; solution arsenic and mercury iodide; so- 
dium salicylate; spirit nitrous ether; tannic 
acid. 

Potass A, Sulphurated — acids; acid salts. 

Potassium and Sodium Tartrate — acids; 
ammonium chloride; barium salts; calcium 
salts; lead salts; magnesium sulphate; silver 
nitrate; sodium sulphate. 

Potassium Permanganate — acids (mineral) ; 
alcohol; ammonia; arsenites; bromides; car- 
bolic acid; chlorides; charcoal; fats; ferrous 
salts; glycerine; gums; hydrogen dioxide; hy- 
pophosphites; hyposulphites; mercurous salts; 
oils; organic substances; oxalic acid; oxalates; 
picric acid; piperazine; sulphites; tannic acid; 
tartaric acid. 

Pyoktanin — alkalies; mercuric chloride. 

Pyrocatechin — acetanilid; alRalies; antipy- 
rin; ammonium carbonate; bromal hydrate; 
butyl-chloral hydrate; camphor; camphor mono- 
bromated; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; diu- 
retin; euphorin; exalgin; ferric cnloride; leaa 
acetate; menthol; naphtaiin; napncol; nitric 
acid; phenacetin; pyrogallcl; resorcin; salol; 
sodium phosphate; thymol; urea; urethane. 

Pyrogallol — alkalies ; ammonia ; antipyrine ; 



132 

camphor; carbolic acid; diuretin; exalgin; fer- 
ric acetate or chloride; ferrous sulphate; gold 
salts; iodine; lead acetate; lime water; men- 
thol; mercury salts; potassium permanganate; 
pyrocatechin; sodium phosphate; urea; ure- 
thane. 

Quinine and Salts — like alkaloids. 

Resin — carbolic acid; caustic alkalies; men- 
thol; salol; thymol; urethane. 

Resobcin — acetanilid; albumin; alkalies; an- 
tipyrin; camphor; exalgin; ferric chloride; 
menthol; potassium iodide (in alk. sol.); spirit 
nitrous ether; urethane. 

Rhubarb — acids (mineral); ferrous sulphate; 
infusion of catechu; cinchona or galls; lead 
acetate; lime water; mercuric chloride; silver 
nitrate; tartar emetic; zinc sulphate. 

Salicylates — see acid, salicylic. 

Salol — alkalies (with heat) ; bromine water; 
camphor; camphor monobromated; carbolic 
acid; chloral hydrate; exalgin; ferric chloride; 
naphtalin; pyrocatechin; resin; thymol; ure- 
thane. 

SARSAPARiLLA^galls infusiou; leaa acetate; 
lime water; mercuric chloride (with comp. syr. 
of). 

Senna — acids (mineral); carbonates; cin- 
chona infusion; lead acetate; lime water; mer- 
curic chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic. 

Silver Nitrate — acetates; alcohol; alkalies; 
antimony salts; arsenites; bromides; carbon- 
ates; chlorides; chromates; creosote; cyanides; 
copper salts; ferrous sulphate; glucose; hypo- 
phosphites; iodides; morphine salts; oils; 



133 

manganous salts; organic substances; phos- 
phates; sulphides; sulphates; tartrates; vege- 
table astringent infusions and decoctions. 

Silver Oxide — antimony and arsenic sul- 
phides; bismuth; copper, iron and mercury- 
salts; creosote; iodine; organic substances; 
phosphorus; tannic acid. 

Sodium Hyposulphite (Thiosulphate) — 
acids; barium, lead, mercurous, and silver salts; 
arsenic and ferric salts, and chromates and per- 
manganates (all in acid solution) ; chlorates; 
iodine; nitrates; oxidizers. 

Sodium • Phosphate — alkaloids ; antipyrine ; 
carbolic acid; choral hydrate; lead acetate; 
pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; salicylic 
acid; sodium salicylate. See also acid, phos- 
phoric. 

Solution Arsenic and Mercury Iodide 
(Donovan's Solution) — alkaloids; caustic alka- 
lies; piperazine. bee also acid arsenous and 
iodides. 

Solution Lead Subacetate — acacia; acids 
(organic); albumin; alkaloids; antipyrine; glu- 
cosides. Otherwise like lead acetate. 

Solution Sodium Silicate — acacia; acids; al- 
cohol. 

Spirit Am:\ionia, Aromatic — acids; acid salts; 
lime water; aqueous fluids. 

Spirit Camphor— acacia; aqueous fluids; 
gelatin. 

Spirit Lemon — acacia, aqueous fluids; gelatin. 

Spirit Nitrous Ether — acacia; acetanilid; 
alkalies; antipyrin; carbonates; ferrous sul- 
phate; gelatin; guaiac tincture; iodides; mor- 



134 

phiiie; tannic acid; piperazine; preparations of 
uva ursi; thymol. See also nitrites. 

Spirit Peppermint — acacia; aqueous fluids; 
gelatin. 

Starch (in Solution) — acids; alcohol; alka- 
lies; diastase; iodine; lead subacetate; lime 
water; tannic acid. 

Stramonium — acids (mineral) salts of iron, 
lead, mercury and silver. Otherwise like bella- 
donna. 

Strontium Salts — alkalies; carbonates; chro- 
mates; oxalates; phosphates; sulphates. 

Strychnine — all alkaloidal precipitants. An- 
tagonists: aconite; alcohol; amyl nitrite; atro- 
pine; chloral hydrate; chloroform; curarine; 
digitalis; hydrocyanic acid; morphine; nico- 
tine; paraldehyde; physostigmine; potassium 
bromide; urethane. 

Sulphates — see acid sulphuric. 

Sulphur — potassium chlorate; potassium per- 
manganate. 

Taraxacum — galls infusion, iron, lead, mer- 
cury and silver salts. 

Tartar Emetic — see antimony and potassium 
tartrate. 

Terebene — chlorine; bromine; iodine; water. 

Theobromine Sai.ts — gold, mercury and sil- 
ver salts; water. See also diuretin. 

Thymol — Acetanilid; antipyrin; butyl-chloral 
hydrate; camphor; camphor monobramated; 
carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; exalgin; gold 
salts; menthol; pyrocatechin; quinine sulphate; 
resin; salol; spirit nitrous ether; urethane. 



135 

Tragacanth — alcohol; copper sulphate; fer- 
rous sulphate; lead acetate (basic and neutral). 

Urea — bromal hydrate; chloral hydrate; lead 
acetate; pyrocatechln; pyrogallol. 

Urethane — aldehydes; alkalies; antipyrin; 
benzoic acid; bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral 
hydrate; camphor; carbonates; carbolic acid; 
exalgin; menthol; naphtol; pyrocatechln; pyro- 
gallol; resin; resorcin; salicylic acid; salol; 
thymol. 

UvA Ubsi — alkalies; gelatin; cinchona infu- 
sion; iron and lead salts; opium; silver nitrate; 
spirit nitrous ether; tartar etnetic. 

Valerian — cinchona infusion; iron and silver 
salts. 

Vegetable Preparations — iron and lead salts. 

Water — alcoholic extracts and tinctures; 
alkaloids generally; collodion; fats; oils; gum 
resins; resins; resinous extracts and tinctures. 

Zinc Salts — acacia; alkalies; arsenates; car- 
bonates; cyanides; lime water; milk; oxalates; 
phosphates; sulphates; sulphides; vegetable as- 
tringent decoctions and infusions. 



EXAMPLES OF INCOMPATIBILITY IN 
PRESCRIPTIONS * 

Sodii Boratis, gr x 

Zinci Sulphatis, o-v 

Aquae Camphorae, f-~ 

Aquae Rosae, qs. ad., f^ 

M. Sig. Put one drop in each eye night and 

morning. 

The zinc is entirely precipitated by the borax, 

producing a white fiocculent precipitate of zinc 

borate or hydrate. If dispensed, the precipitate 

should be filtered out. 

Iodine, gr xxx 

Spirit of Camphor, f ~~ 

Soap Liniment, f^^TT 

Mix and label. Apply as directed. 
This makes a clear brownish-red solution, 
w-.xii on standing two or three days loses much 
of its color, becoming light brown. On applying 
the starch test for free iodine no blue color was 
obtained. According to Muir and Morley, iodine 
with camphor forms a hydrocarbon and other 
substances. 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi, foTT" 

Potassii Chloratis, gr xxx 



Glycerini, 



f5j 



*From Ruddiman's "Incompatibilities in Prescriptions." 
John Wiley & Sons, Publishers. 



137 
M. Sig. Teaspoonfiil twice a day. 
There is considerable danger of having an 
explosion in attempting to hll this. If the potas- 
sium chlorate is rubbed with the glycerin, ex- 
plosion is liable to take place or if the chlorate 
be added to the solution of ferric chloride, 
which always contains some free hydrochloric 
acid, chlorine will be formed, and this will act 
upon the glycerin, converting it into oxalic and 
carbonic acids. In filling this the temperature 
should not go above 70°F., and then the bottle 
should be loosely stop])ered for a time before 
giving out. 

Iodoform, 

Tannic acid, aa -i^^^ 

Mix and label. Dust over abraided surface. 
No change is noticed in the appearance of this 
mixture on standing. The odor of the iodoform 
slowly diminishes, and, according to the U. S. 
Dispensatory (17th Ed.), this is due to the de- 
composition of the iodoform by the tannic acid. 

Sodii Salicylatis, oTT^s 

Syrupi Limonis, f,ln~ 

M. Sig. Teaspoonful three times a day. 
On standing, the citric acid in the. syrup com- 
bines with the sodium, liberating salicylic acid, 
which, being only sparingly soluble in water, is 
precipitated in needle-shaped crystals. This can 
be dispensed as a shake mixture. The precipi- 



138 

tation is rather tardy and it would be well to 
give notice of the change which will take place. 

Liquoris Potass. Arsenitis, f^~ 

Hydrargyri Chloridi Cor., gi'T~ 



f^' 



Aquae, 

Misce et fiat sol. Sig. Dessert spoonful three 
times a day. 

Fowler's solution is alkaline, due to the 
excess of potassium bicarbonate used in 
making the solution. Boiling with water con- 
verts the bicarbonate into the normal carbonate 
of potassium to some extent. Either the bicar- 
bonate or the normal carbonate precipitates 
mercuric chloride in solution as the red-brown 
mercuric oxychloride. If the solution of arsen- 
ous acid be used, instead of Fowler's solution 
it will not give a precipitate with corrosive 
sublimate. 

ft 

Quininae Sulph., gr x 

Potassi Acetatis, gr xx 

Acidi Sulphuric! Dil., gtt iv 

Aquae, q. s. ad, f^~ 

M. S. Teaspoonful after meals. 
On dissolving the quinine sulphate in part of 
the cinnamon water with the aid of the sul- 



139 

pliuric acid, then adding the potassium acetate 
previously dissolved in the remainder of the 
water, a voluminous precipitate of quinine ace- 
tate is obtained. Quinine acetate is only spar- 
ingly soluble in water, and the amount here 
formed is so large and bulky that it is difficult 
to pour out an even dose. 

It 

Acidi Carbolici, ri^^ 

Aquae, q. s. ad, ■^ 

M. S. Use with camel-hair brush. 
Water can be added to carbolic acid, until the 
proportion is about 3 parts of acid to 1 part of 
water, forming a clear solution. (Allen). On 
adding more water the acid separates as an oily 
liquid, going to the bottom. When water has 
been added so that the proportion is about 1 
part of acid to 15 parts of water, a clear solu- 
tion again results. In this prescription there 
will be a layer of liquefied acid in the bottom 
of the bottle. If the brush should remain in 
the bottle between the periods of using it there 
is danger that it will become saturated with 
the strong acid and that it will be applied in 
this condition. By the use of some glycerin in 
place of part of the water a clear solution can 
be made and this is what should be done. 

It 

Syrupi Acidi Hydriodici, f.lri" 



Bismuthi Subnit, 5" 



ISS 



140 

M. S. Teaspoonful three times a day. 

The bismuth subnitrate is. insoluble in the 
syrup, but a chemical reaction takes place be- 
tween it and the hydrioaic acid, as is evidenced 
by the change in color. Bismuth subnitrate is 
white; on mixing it with the syrup the color 
becomes yellow, and within a few minutes it 
turns to a dark brown and then grayish black. 
On allowing the precipitate to settle it appears 
to be a mixture of two compounds, one yellow 
and the other dark gray. According to Watts' 
Dictionary, the oxyiodide of bismuth is copper- 
colored and the bismuth iodide is a brilliant 
gray. 

Alcohol. 30 cc. 

Iodine, 10 gm. 

Turpentine, 200 cc. 
Mix. To be used as a spray. 

If the turpentine is poured upon the iodine 
violent chemical reaction results, with the for- 
mation of violet fumes of vaporized iodine, 
caused by the heat generated. While there is 
not enough of alcohol to dissolve all of the 
iodine, it is best to dissolve as much as pos- 
sible before adding the turpentine, which should 
be added in small portions, cooling the mixture 
if necessary. Upon standing the liquid sepa- 
rates into two layers. The lower one, being 
much smaller in amount and very dark colored, 
is probably the alcohol holding most of the 



141 

iodine in solution; the upper stratum is very- 
much lighter in color and is probably the tur- 
pentine. Turpentine and alcohol are not miscl- 
ble in all proportions. 

Bismuth Subnit., •^~Y~ 

Sodii Bicarbonatis, grxxx 

M. Fiant pil., No. XX. 

In mixing these two substances chemical re- 
action takes place, with the liberation of carbon 
dioxide, which causes the mass to swell to sev- 
eral times its original size. This reaction goes 
on slowly requiring several hours for its com- 
pletion, and the mass should not be made into 
pills until the reaction has been completed. 
If the subcarbonate had been substituted for the 
subnitrate incompatibility would have been 
avoided and the same physiologic effects ob- 
tained. 

a^ 

Potassii Bromidi, grxv 

Hydrargyri Chlor. Mitis, grxv 

Misce et fiat pulvis: Mitte tales No. XII. 

If the ingredients are powdered separately 
and are perfectly dry when mixed no chemical 
reaction takes place. But upon addition or wa- 
ter or in the presence of moisture the powder 
becomes dark gray in color. The darkening is 
due to the formation of metallic mercury. At 



142 

the same time some of the calomel is converted 
into a mercuric salt, rendering the prescription 
dangerous. It should not be dispensed. 



Morphinae Sulph., gru 

Sp. Aetheris Nitrosi, 

Aquae, a a f^ ss 

Misce. Signa: Capiat cochleare unum par- 
vum quoties requiritur. 

The nitrous ether acts upon the morphine giv- 
ing a yellowish green solution. Morphine is 
undoubtedly oxidized by the nitrous acid, but 
the products have not been determined. 

Liq. Plumbi Subacet. Dil., 
Tinctural Opii, a a f.l ss 

Aquae, f^ ' 

M. S. Lotion. 

This is a very common combination. Lead 
subacetate forms compounds with nearly all 
alkaloids, and these are insoluble in water. The 
opium alkaloids are no exceptions. The alcohol 
of the tincture undoubtedly tends to prevent the 
precipitation to some extent, though there is 
still quite a heavy one. The mixture should not 
be filtered. 



143 

Cocainae Hydrochlor., grv 

Sodae Boratis, sr " 

6 IJ 

Aquae Dest., 5 '. 

M. S. Drop one drop in right eye at night. 

Borax is alkaline in reaction and precipitates 
nearly all alkaloids from solutions of their 
salts. It precipitates the cocaine in this pre- 
scription, but the difficulty can be prevented by 
the use of a little glycerin. The glycerin acts 
chemically on the borax, breaking it up and 
forming sodium metaborate and boric acid. If 
boric acid were used instead of borax no pre- 
cipitation would occur. 

Sp. Ammoniae Arom., f^^'^ 

Liquoris Calcis, fSnss 

M. S. Dessertspoonful as needed. 
On mixing these two ingredients together a 
white precipitate of calcium carbonate is 
formed, the spirit containing ammonium car- 
bonate. The lime water also throws out of so- 
lution the oils of the aromatic spirit. Whether 
the precipitate should be filtered out or not 
must depend upon the conditions for which the 
medicine is prescribed. 



144. 
POISONS AND IHEIR ANTIDOTES * 

In treating cases of poisoning, four indica- 
tions must be kept in mind: (A) How to most 
quickly get the bulk of the poison out of the 
stomach by forcibly emptying it; (B) how to 
antidote the residual poison after evacuating 
the stomach; (C) how to eliminate from the 
system the poison that has entered the blood or 
gone on into the intestines; (D) how to treat 
the dangerous symptoms as they arise from the 
effects of the poison. 

AcETANiLiD. Antifebrin, Antipyrin. — Place 
patient in a recumbent position, allow plenty of 
fresh air; give stimulants (brandy, whiskey, 
aromatic spirits of ammonia, etc.) Apply heat 
externally; use atropine or belladonna to main- 
tain blood pressure; strychnine to aid respira- 
tion; oxygen inhalations if there is excessive 
cyanosis. 

Acid Acetic. — Administer magnesia freely; 
soap and water; lime water; chalk; milk, oils 
and thick gruel may be given. 

Acid Carbolic — Unless great destruction of 
mucous membrane has occurred, produce vomit- 
ing by means of warm water containing some 
sodium bicarbonate or zinc sulphate; mustard; 
apomorphine. Demulcent drinks, flaxseed or 
elm tea, and white of egg beaten up with water, 
protect mucous surfaces. Do not give oils or 
glycerin. As stimulants use whiskey, alcohol, 
ammonia, etc., hypodermically if need be, 

*From Merck's Report Read}' Reference. (Adapted to 
veterinary practice. When vomiting is mentioned it is 
understood to refer to the smaller animals as the pig, dog 
and cat; not to the herbivora). 



145 

warmth; friction. Opium relieves pain. Excite 
counter irritation over the abdomen. Give digi- 
talis and strychnine if needed. Recently whis- 
key and brandy have been warmly recom- 
mended, followed in a few minutes by a hypo- 
dermic injection of apomorphine to produce 
vomiting. A Dublin veterinarian, Allen, has 
lately recommended turpentine for carbolic 
acid poisoning. 

Acid, Carbonic and Coal Gas. — Bring the 
patient at once into the open air. If the respira- 
tory movements have ceased, cold water should 
be dashed on the face and chest, to awaken 
them to reflex action. If no effect is thereby 
produced resort to artificial respiration which 
should be continued for at least an hour. A 
series of quick sharp blows over the - cardiac 
region will sometimes start the heart into ac- 
tion after it has stopped. Inhalation of oxygen 
or ammonia vapor, or an enema of black coffee, 
and venesection, may be of service. 

Acid, Chromic, Potassium Chromate and 
Bichromate. — Evacuate the stomach with i/^ oz. 
of mustard stirred to a cream with 1 oz. of 
water; (man or dog), or with zinc sulphate, 
apomorphine; ipecac or pump. Follow with 
magnesium oxide or carbonate, sodium bicar- 
bonate, or chalk, in water; as demulcent drinks 
give barley, elm or flaxseed water. 

Acid, Hydrocyanic, Cyanides, Cherry-Laurel 
Water, Oil Bitter Almond. — Fifteen minims of 
official acid, or 1 grain of anhydrous acid, usu- 
ally kills (man or dog) in 10 to 15 minutes. 
Place in recumbent position, allow plenty of 



146 

fresh air; empty the stomach by mustard, zinc 
sulphate, or pump; keep the body warm. If 
breathing ceases, use artificial respiration, mild 
faradic current to the heart, alternate cold and 
warm affusion to head chest and spine; admin- 
ister ammonia by inhalation or give it by 
mouth or veins; inject atropine solution 2 to 4 
drops every half hour, to assist the heart's ac- 
tion. Ferrous sulphate with ferric sulphate, 
followed by potassium carbonate, yields inert 
Prussian blue. Ferrous sulphate alone or with 
calcined magnesia renders the acid insoluble, 
but the action of the acid is so quick that there 
is scarcely time for the applications of many 
remedies. Brandy by the mouth, skin, or rec- 
tum has been found valuable. 

Acin, Oxalic and Oxalates. — Half to one 
ounce usually proves fatal (man or dog). If not 
already vomited by the poison, empty the stom- 
ach at once with mustard, zinc sulphate, pump 
or tube, then neutralize with chalk, whiting, or 
wall plaster in water, or lime water itself, never 
with sodium, potassium or ammonia salts, as 
these form soluble oxalates; apply hot fomenta- 
tions to the loins. Give an enema to empty the 
bowels. Give much water to facilitate elimina- 
tion by the kidneys. 

Acids, Mineral: Hydrochloric, Nitric, Nitro- 

hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric ouc to 

four drams of the stronger acids usually proves 
fatal (man and dog). Neutralize with sodium 
bicarbonate, calcined magnesia, lime, chalk, or 
wall plaster mixed with water; if none of these 
are accessible, dilute and wash out the stomach 



147 

with considerable water. One may use with ad- 
vantage any of the following — soap, milk, gruel, 
olive and almond oil, eggs beaten up. Avoid the 
stomach pump as it might perforate the soft- 
ened oesophagus. 

Aconite and Aconitine. — Thirty to sixty 
drops of tincture or one-twentieth grain of alka- 
loid generally prove fatal (man or dog). Evacu- 
ate the stomach at once with zinc sulphate,' 
apomorphine, mustard, or pump; place in a 
recumbent position, the head the lowest; apply 
warmth to the extremities; give solution, four 
drops hypodermically or, give tincture of bella- 
donna twenty drops by the mouth, repeated. If 
heart syncope presents, give tincture of digitalis 
fifteen drops hypodermically or thirty drops by 
the mouth. As stimulants, use ammonia, brandy, 
strychnine, mustard plasters to the chest. Aid 
vomiting and elimination of the poison by 
abundant water, to which may be added brandy 
or alcohol in any form. Inhale amyl nitrite, or 
oxygen, and if breathing stops use artificial res- 
piration. Animal charcoal and tannin are of 
service. 

(The doses of the antidotes mentioned above 
are for man and dog; for larger animals the 
dosage should be in proportion to size). 

Alcohol. — Inebriation somewhat resembles 
opium poisoning and concussion of the brain. 
Empty the stomach, wash out well with warm 
coffee, keep the body very warm, but apply cold 
douche to the head; allow plenty of fresh air; 
apply interrupted current to the respiratory 
muscles; ammonia water or amyl nitrite to the 



148 

nostrils; keep the patient awake mechanically 
by shaking, shouting, etc. 

Alkalies, Potassa, Soda and Ammonia. — 
They usually cause vomiting, but if they do not, 
accomplish this by plenty of luke-warm water, 
to be followed by vinegar (dilute acetic acid, 
lemon or orange juice, tartaric or citric acid 
solution, 2 drams to a pint of water) ; olive oil 
(1 to 4 drams for man and dog) ; egg white, 
milk, demulcent drinks (arrowroot, elm, bar- 
ley, or flaxseed water) to protect the mucous 
membranes and "sustain vital powers. May al- 
ways give plenty of water and relieve pain with 
laudanum or hypodermics of morphine. 

Alkaloids in General. — Tannin generally 
forms comparatively insoluble tannates: albu- 
min; iodine and charcoal also of service; use 
emetics and cathartics later. 

Ammonia. — Administer vinegar, lemon juice, 
orange juice, or any vegetable acid, followed by 
demulcents to protect the mucous surfaces. 
When inhaled, give vapor of acetic or hydro- 
chloric acid or chlorine water by inhalation. 

Amyl Nitrite. — Atropine, ergotin, or strych- 
nine hypodermically are the best antidotes; 
stimulants, alternate hot and cold douches, with 
cold to the head, and artificial respiration are 
also useful measures. 

Antimony Compounds, Tartar Emetic. — In 
man, 2 to 5 grains have occasioned death, while 
several drams have failed to produce more than 
great vomiting and alarming general symptoms. 
Should these fail to cause the patient to vomit 
one must create this by mustard, zinc sulphate. 



149 

apomorphine or pump; follow with strong tea 
or coffee, solution of tannic or gallic acid, to 
form an insoluble compound. Give demulcent 
drinks (flaxseed, slippery elm, egg white, 
milk) ; opium and rtimulants in small but fre- 
quent doses. If the body be cold, apply blan- 
kets; faradic current over the heart if neces- 
sary. Instead of tannin, freshly precipitated 
ferric hydroxide can be used, following with 
opium or morphine for the pain. 

Antipyrin. — See Acetanilid. 

Apocynin. — Like Digitalis. 

Arsenic Compounds. — Unless the poison itself 
vomits, accomplish this with mustard, zinc sul- 
phate, apomorphine, pump, or tube. Either 
wash out the stomach with a large quantity of 
water or give freshly precipitated hydrated 
oxide of iron, made by double decomposition be- 
tween any ferric solution and a solution of 
either diluted ammonia water, sodium carbon- 
ate, or magnesium oxide, the object being to 
form insoluble ferric arsenite or arsenate. The 
ammonia acts as a stimulant, the calcined mag- 
nesia as an aperient. One may give with ad- 
vantage, oil, mucilaginous drinks, egg white, 
and in case of faintness, stimulants. If the 
skin be cold, apply hot blankets, and relieve the 
pain by opium or morphine; one may conclude 
with a dose of castor oil. 

Atropine. — See Belladonna. 

Barium Compounds. — See Lead compounds. 

Belladonna or Atropine, Hyoscyamus ob 
Hyoscyamine, Stramonium or Daturine. Dul- 
camara or SOLANlNi:. DUBOISIA OR DUBOISINE.— 

Empty the stomach by mustard, zinc sulphatei 



150 

apomorphine, pump or tube; give strong infu- 
sion of coffee, or tea by the mouth or rectum; 
also pilocarpine nitrate; or instead, use mor- 
phine, opium, or physostigmine to antagonize 
the nervous disturbances of the poison. Apply 
hot water to the feet; alternate douches of hot 
and cold water are useful. Give stimulants 
(whiskey or brandy), ammonia to the nostrils; 
also practise artificial respiration. 

BenZexe. — Evacuate the stomach (mustard, 
zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump). Give 
abundant fresh air; hypodermic of atropine, or 
tincture of belladonna. Apply alternately hot 
and cold water douches to the chest; practise 
artificial respiration, and apply a mild inter- 
rupted current over the heart. 

Blue Stone. — See copper, under mercury com- 
pounds. 

Bromides. — Give strong coffee, caffeine citrate, 
digitalis; morphine is antagonistic to mental 
symptoms; ergot and belladonna are sometimes 
used. 

Bromine. — Give albumin, starch, gelatin, so- 
dium or potassium carbonate or bicarbonate. 
Against the irritant vapor, inhalations of steam 
and ammonia vapor may be employed. 

Brucine. — See strychnine. 

Calabar Bean. — See Physostigma. 

Camphor. — Empty the stomach (by mustard, 
zinc sulphate, pump, etc.); give alcohol or 
brandy in small and frequent doses ( best hypo- 
dermically) ether inhalations; alternate hot 
and cold douches; warmth to the extremities 
by hot blankets, etc. 



151 

C.vx.NABis IxDicA. — Treat as in opium, but 
also in the first stages use lemon juice. 

Cantharides or ' Cantharidin. — In man or 
dog a half dram of powder or one ounce of the 
tincture usually proves fatal. Empty the stom- 
ach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, 
ipecac, pump) ; allay pain with morphine hypo- 
dermically or tincture of opium (through the 
mouth or rectum). Give plenty of demulcent 
drinks (barley, elm, flaxseed tea, gruel or pure 
water) but no oils or oily emulsion, in which 
catharidin is very soluble; opium, stimulants, 
warm baths, cataplasms to the abdomen. 

Carbon Disulphide. — Quiet the nervous ex- 
citement with potassium bromide and chloral; 
support the circulation with stimulants; may 
vomit with mustard at first; ammonia to nos- 
trils, warmth to the body, cold douche to the 
head; artificial respiration. 

Castor Beans. — In man three seeds in one 
case, and twenty in another, have caused death 
in two and five days respectively. As soon as 
they have been swallowed give an emetic (mus- 
tard, etc.) ; later give demulcent drinks, opium 
to quiet violent symptoms which resemble 
those of cholera. 

Cat Bites. — See Dog Bites. 

Cherry-Laurel Water. — See Acid Hydro- 
cyanic. 

Chloral. — One-half to one dram may prove 
fatal (small animals) ; empty the stomach 
(mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, 
pump). When the stomach is empty introduce 
coffee by tube (mouth or rectum); keep limbs 



152 

warm (friction, mustard plasters, water bags). 
Administer hypodermically, fresli 2% solution 
of strychnine nitrate every fifteen minutes. 
Picrotoxin may be substituted for strychnine. 
Arouse the patient and keep him awake by cof- 
fee, caffeine, flagellation, shaking, shouting; ap- 
ply ammonia to the nostrils, cold to the head; 
amyl nitrite inhalation to stimulate the heart; 
practise artificial respiration if necessary. 

Chlorates (and Nitrates — potassium, sodium, 
etc.) — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sul- 
phate, amorphine). Give plenty of water and 
mucilaginous drinks to dilute the poison, opium 
to relieve the pain; amyl nitrite inhalations; 
avoid stimulants that would increase kidney 
congestion, keep warm by hot fomentations to 
the loins. 

Chloroform or Ether, Nitrous Oxide Gas. 
— Withdraw the inhalation at once, lower well 
the head; pull the tongue forward so as to ad- 
mit plenty of fresh air. Use artificial respira- 
tion and heat; weak current — one pole at the 
larynx, the other on the pit of the stomach (not 
far from the diaphragm). Apply hot and cold 
douche; inhale amyl nitrite. If the heart has 
stopped, give several taps over that region, in- 
hale ammonia, give brandy, atropine, strych- 
nine. If swallowed evacuate the stomach (mus- 
tard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; 
enema of hot coffee, large draughts of water, 
containing sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, 
and proceed as if inhaled. 

Chlorixated Lime. — Administer albumin, mu- 
cilaginous drinks, oils, milk, or flour and water; 



153 

avoid acids. Opium and alcohol are used for 
the vital depression. 

Chlorine. — Against chlorine preparations in 
the stomach employ albumin or ammonia water 
in small quantity and well diluted; emesis with 
warm water, then white of egg, or milk, flour, 
or lime water. Ammonia vapor is used against 
inhaled chlorine. 

Coal Gas. — Carbon monoxide is the poisonous 
agent. See also Acid, Carbonic. 

Cobalt. — See Arsenic. 

Cocaine. — Resembles closely atropine in its 
general action as to pulse, pupils, respiration, 
sweat glands and bowels. Give one of the usual 
emetics, then tannin. Morphine is probably the 
best all round antagonist; then in sequence, 
chloral, chloroform, and ether. Give amyl 
nitrite to counteract heart depression; alcohol 
and opium to stimulate the heart; should these 
fail, use artificial respiration. One may em- 
ploy ammonia inhalations and caffeine. 

CoccuLus Indicus. — See Strychnine. 

Codeine. — See Opium. 

CoLCHicuM (wine or tincture; Colocynth, 
Elaterium). — If vomiting and purging have not 
occurred, accomplish the former by one of the 
usual emetics (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, 
apomorphine, or pump) ; follow with tannic or 
gallic acid, or strong tea or coffee; plenty of 
water and demulcent drinks; opium or mor- 
phine to allay the pain in the stomach, purging, 
and to antagonize heart depression, stimulants 
(alcohol, whiskey, etc.). Keep the extremities 
warm and apply hot fomentations to the ab- 
domen. 



154 

CoLOCYXTH. — See Colchicum. 

CoNiuM (or Coniine;. — Empty the stomach 
(mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; 
apply external warmth (hot wraps, bags or bot- 
tles), give strong tea, coffee, tannic, or gallic 
acid, or any solution containing tannin; stimu- 
lants, artificial respiration; strychnine, picro- 
toxin, active exercise; castor oil. 

CoNVALLARiA. — See Digitalis. 

Copper Compounds. — See Mercury Compounds. 

Corrosive Sublimate. — See Mercury Com- 
pounds. 

Creosote. — Practically the same as with Car- 
bolic Acid. 

Croton Oil. — Empty the stomach (mustard, 
zinc sulphate apomorphine, pump) ; give tinc- 
ture of opium or morphine hypodermically, un- 
til pain and purging are abated. Give demul- 
cent drinks (elm, flaxseed water, mucilage, 
milk, olive oil, albumin, soup) ; spirit of cam- 
phor in milk; stimuiants (brandy, alcohol, 
whiskey, ammonia), warm baths are also used. 

CuRARiXE (or Curare). — If introduced in a 
wound and all is not removed apply ligature, 
suck the injured part, washing it out with 
slightly alkaline solution of potassium per- 
manganate; apply warmth to the loins, plenty 
of water internally, artificial respiration; spirit 
of nitrous ether rapidly eliminates the poison 
through the urine. The great difficulty is in 
sustaining life by artificial respiration until 
elimination begins. 

Cyanides. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Oil Bitter Almond. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 



155 

Cytisi-xk (or Laburnum Seeds). — Induce vom- 
iting and wasii out the stomach with strong tea 
or coffee; follow wim enema or quick purgative; 
stimulant; rouse the patient by hot and cold 
douche. 

Daturink. — See Belladonna. 

Digitalis (or Digitalin) ; Scillain [Scillitin], 
(Strophanthus, Strophanthin, Convallaria, Sco- 
parius). — Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc 
sulphate, apomorphine, pump). Follow with 
strong tea or coffee or tannic or gallic acid in 
water. Hypodermic solution of aconitine ni- 
trate may be given, or tincture of aconite by 
mouth; if this has given good results repeat in 
thirty minutes, keep the patient quiet and do 
not allow an erect position, as that may cause 
fainting to death. Give stimulants frequently 
by the mouth, or if vomiting occurs, by the rec- 
tum. When the drug has been in continuous 
use, opium is the best antidote. Saponin and 
Senegin are the best physiologic antagonists. 

Dog Bites (and Cat Bites). — Suck out the 
wound well with the mouth, wash with a weak 
alkaline solution (ammonia, caustic potash, 
etc.), tnen cauterize with lunar caustic. 

DuEoisiA (and Duboisine). — See Belladonna. 

DuLCAMAR.A. (and Solanin.) — See Belladonna. 

Blaterium. — See Colchicum. 

Ergot. — Evacuate the stomach (mustard, 
zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump). Give pur- 
gative (Croton Oil) and assist the action by 
plenty of warm drinks. Tannic or gallic acid 
may be useful; after vomiting and purging, ad- 
minister small doses of opium at intervals. 



156 

Nitroglycerin every 15 minutes has been effect- 
ive. Allow a recumbent position. Apply 
warmth and friction to maintain the circula- 
tion; stimulants; amyl nitrite. 

EsERiNE. — See Physostigma. 

Ether. — See Chloroform. 

Fish Poisox. — Administer emetics and cathar- 
tics; potassium chlorate; solution ammonium 
acetate; opium; capsicum or chloroform. 

Fowler's Solution. — See Arsenic. 

FuxGi. — See Mushrooms. 

Gelsemium (and Gelsemine). — Empty the 
stomach (mustard or pump) ; give atropine hy- 
podermically or tincture of belladonna by 
mouih; apply external heat by rubbing; stimu- 
lants (digitalis, ammonia, coffee, alcohol, arti- 
ficial respiration, electricity) ; rouse the patient 
by hot and cold douches. 

Gloxoin. — Lil^e Amyl Nitrite. 

Gold Salts. — Like Mercury compounds. 

Hyoscixe. — Similar to Belladonna, but chlo- 
ral is used here with great advantage. 

Hyoscyamcjs (and Hyoscyamine). — See Bella- 
donna. 

Igxatia. — See Strychnine. 

Iodine. — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc 
sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; follow with 
starch diffused in hot water or as a paste, or 
flour in warm water; farinaceous substances 
(arrow-root, boiled rice, thin gruel); demulcent 
drinks; may inhale amyl nitrite and relieve the 
pain by opium and morphine. 

Laburnum Seeds. — See Cytisine. 

Lactucarium. — See Opium. 



157 

Laudanum. — See Opium. 

Lead Compounds (Lead Chromate and Ace- 
tate; Barium Compounds). — If acute, empty the 
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, 
pump) ; follow with sulphate of magnesium or 
sodium, or dilute sulphuric acid; milk, demul- 
cent drinks. For the pain give opium or mor- 
phine; for lead colic, apply hot fomentations. If 
it be chronic lead poisoning, recognized by a 
blue line (sulphide) along the margin of the 
gums, paralyzed extensors, constipation, etc., 
give iodides to saturation (sodium and calcium 
iodides being best) ; sulphurated potassa baths. 
Lobelia. — If the patient has failed to vomit, 
use emetics; follow with tannin, stimulants, 
strycnnine, opiates. 

Lunar Caustic. — See Silver Compounds. 
Matches. — See Phosphorus. 
Mercury Compounds (also Copper Com- 
pounds). — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc 
sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump) ; follow 
with albumin (white of one egg to every 4 
grains of corrosive sublimate. Too much must 
not be given lest the precipitate formed by the 
mercuric salt and albumin be redissolved. 
Now give an emetic — warm water with sodium 
bicarbonate, zinc sulphate, or mustard, and 
wash out the stomach with demulcent drinks 
(flaxseed or elm). If egg white is not conven- 
ient, one may use for mercury salts, gluten, 
wheat flour in paste form, milk, or chop and 
diffuse in water fresh meat and administer the 
broth. Morphine for pain. For copper com- 
pounds also use stimulants; relieve the pain 



158 

with opium or give reduced iron or wealv solu- 
tion of potassium ferrocyanide; then potassium 
iodide until the system is saturated to promote 
elimination. 

Morphine Salts. — See Opium. 

MuscARiisE. — See Mushrooms. 

Mushrooms (and Poisonous Fungi; also Mus- 
carine). — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc, 
sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; inject at once 
solution of atropine, or after emesis give tinc- 
ture of belladonna every half hour; castor oil 
and enema to remove fungi from lower bowel; 
stimulants; the body should also be kept warm. 

Nicotine. — See Tobacco. 

Nitrates. — See Chlorates. 

NiTROBExzENE. — (Oil Mirbaue). — Empty the 
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, pump), wash- 
ing it out with plenty of warm water if possible. 
Give stimulants by the mouth, the rectum or 
hypodermically; artificial respiration which 
must be maintained by weak, interrupted cur- 
rents to the chest wall. Rouse the patient by 
the douche; hypodermic atropine may be use- 
ful. 

Nitroglycerin — Like Amyl Nitrite. 

Nitrous Oxide Gas. — See Chloroform. 

Nux Vomica. — See Strychnine. 

Oil Bitter Almond. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Oil Mibrane. — See Nitrobenzene. 

Opium (also Laudanum, Morphine, Codeine 
Lactucarium, Cannabis Indica) — When the poi> 
son has been taken by the mouth give at once 
a solution of potassium permanganate, then 
empty the stomach, which may be difficult, by 



159 

pump, apomorphine, mustard or zinc sulphate. 
Wash the stomach out well with hot coffee, leav- 
ing there a pint or more; keep the body warm 
with hot wraps, but use alternate hot and cold 
douches to the head. Use hypodermic solution 
of atropine every 15 minutes for three doses; 
tannin and strychnine are also valuable. Apply 
electricity to chest muscles and artificial res- 
piration. Keep the patient awake by shaking, 
flicking with a towel, applying cold water over 
the face and chest, keep patient moving; give 
inhalation of amyl nitrite. Evacuate the blad- 
der often to prevent reabsorption. 

Pkenacetix. — Like Acetanilid. 

Phosphorus (as well as Rat Poison and 
Matches). — Empty the stomach (copper sul- 
phate, until the patient has vomited sufficiently; 
zinc sulphate, mustard, pump — the copper form- 
ing insoluble black phosphide). Follow this 
with old (oxygenated, acid, French) oil of tur- 
pentine in mucilage or floating on water; may 
also inhale diluted turpentine vapor; give char- 
coal or lime water to prevent action on tissues; 
also magnesium sulphate as a cathartic. Po- 
tassium permanganate, opium, and egg white 
may be of service, but never use fats or fatty 
oils, as these dissolve phosphorus, thus aiding 
in its absorption. It is mostly eliminated by 
the urine, hence the bladder should be fre- 
quently evacuated. 

Physostigma (and Physostigmine). — Evacu- 
ate the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, 
apomorphine, pump) ; hypodermic of atropine 
until pupils dilate. Should this fail, give 



160 

chloral, or hypodermic of strychnine. Diffusi- 
ble stimulants, coffee, alcohol, etc., are used and 
artificial respiration should be induced if neces- 
sary; empty the bladder often. 

Phytolacca — It acts ]ier se as an emeto-ca- 
thartic, hence after the vomiting give stimu- 
lants, alcohol, ether, opium, digitalis. 

PiCROTOXix. — See Strychnine. 

Pilocarpus (and Pilocarpine). — Evacuate the 
stomach, follow with hypodermic of atropine, or 
tincture of belladonna, until pupils are dilated; 
may give tannin. 

PoTAssA. — See Alkalies. 

Potassium Bichromate and Chromate. — See 
Chromic Acid. 

Potassium Cyanide. — See Acid Hydrocyanic, 

Potassium Nitrate. — See Chlorates. 

Prussic Acid. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Pulsatilla. — Give tannic acid and follow with 
an emetic; alcohol, opium, or digitalis may also 
be indicated. 

Rat Paste. — See Phosphorus; also Arsenic. 

Rhus Toxicodendron. — Rub in a saturated 
solution of lead acetate in diluted alcohol, and 
repeat for several days; 5% solution or 10% 
oleate of cocaine is also effective; a solution of 
2 drams of lead acetate and 4 drams of ammon- 
ium chloride in 8 fl. oz. of water has also been 
recommended. Internally, opium or coffee may 
be used to relieve the nervous irritability. 

Sabadilla. — See \eratrum Viride. 

Savine (oil and tops; also Tansy). — If not 
vomited and the throat not inflamed, evacuate 
the stomach with mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac. 



161 

pump. If the bowels have not moved freely, 
give either castor oil or epsom salt; allay pain 
with morphine and demulcents. 

SciLLAiN (Scillitin). — See Digitalis. 

ScoPARius. — See Digitalis. 

Silver Compounds. — Give common salt dis- 
solved in warm water, to form insoluble silver 
chloride; or use egg white or milk; (follow 
with an emetic (mustard), and large draughts 
of warm water; give demulcent drinks (arrow- 
root, elm, flaxseed, gruel). 

Snake Bites. — Suck the wound and apply to 
it an alkaline solution of potassium permanga- 
nate (may inject this under the skin). In se- 
vere cobra poisoning, with ■ death threatening, 
bleed at one limb and transfuse blood by the 
other; give artificial respiration and weak in- 
terrupted galvanic shocks to the walls of the 
chest; inhale and give ammonia by the mouth. 

Soda. — See alkalies. 

SoLANiN. — See Belladonna. 

Staphisagbia (Stavesacre). — Evacuate the 
stomach (emetics, pump, draughts of warm 
water; give tannin, charcoal, diffusible stimu- 
lants. Keep the patient quiet and the extremi- 
ties warm. Give chloral hydrate, or potassium 
bromide; or better inhale chloroform for the 
spasms. Use all haste as death is usually 
caused by asphyxia. 

Stings (Bees, Hornets, Wasps). — Apply am- 
monia water or some alkaline solution to the 
part stung; extract the sting; use stimulants, 
if necessary. One may apply an onion to the 
part, but this is not as good as ammonia. 



162 

Stramonium. — See Belladonna. 

Strophanthus (or strophanthin) . — See Digi- 
talis. 

StrycHxXIne Salts (or Brucine, Ignatia, Nux 
Vomica, Picrotoxin, Cocculus Indicus). — Re- 
move the patient from all noise, quickly empty 
the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomor- 
phine hypodermically) ; give tannin, charcoal, 
iodide of starch. Place the patient under 
chloroform, ether, or chloral and potassium 
bromide, thus keeping up gentle narcosis sev- 
eral hours if necessary; inhale amyl nitrite. If 
spasms threaten respiration, induce it arti- 
ficially; empty the bladder often. 

SulfOxXal axd Trional. — Give diuretics and 
saline cathartics; sodium bicarbonate and wa- 
ter freely. 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen. — Resort to artificial 
respiration and inhalation of chlorine diluted 
with air; or give chlorine water or chlorinated 
lime. 

Tansy. — See Savine. 

Tartar Emetic. — See Antimony Compounds. 

Tin Compounds. — Evacuate the stomach (mus- 
tard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, etc.). Give milk of 
calcined magnesia; demulcent drinks (elm, 
flaxseed, etc.) ; laudanum if there is much pain. 

Tobacco (or Nicotine). — Concentrated ene- 
mas and large quantities of powder kill in a 
very few hours. If the patient has not already 
vomited the drug, empty the stomach by mus- 
tard, zinc sulphate or pump; give plenty of 
water; let the patient lie down; inject a solu- 
tion of strychnine nitrate or give tincture of 



163 

nux vomica by the mouth; stimulants, brandy, 
whiskey, chloric ether, etc.; keep the body 
warm but apply cold douche to the head; tannin 
and astringent solutions may be given. 

Turpentine. — Empty the stomach (mustard, 
zinc sulphate, ipecac, apomorphine, pump, tube). 
If there is no purging give enema, plenty of 
water and demulcent drinks to eliminate it by 
the kidneys. Apply hot fomentations to the 
loins. Allay the pain with opium. 

Tyrotoxicon (in milk, cheese, ice cream, etc.). 
— Give emetics and rinse out stomach; follow 
with purgative enema. 

Veratrum Viride (also Veratrine, Sabadilla, 
Veratrum Album). — Evacuate the stomach (un- 
less the veratroidine constituent has ejected 
itself by causing vomiting), by mustard, zinc 
sulphate, ipecac or pump. Give recumbent po- 
sition, head lowest; dry warmth to the body, 
wraps, blankets, etc.; give hot coffee by the 
mouth or rectum; tannin, diffusible stimulants, 
alcohol, brandy, whiskey, ammonia, morphine, 
electricity, artificial respiration; atropine an- 
tagonizes the cardiac depression. 

White Precipitate. — See Mercury Com- 
pounds. 

Zinc Compounds. — Should the patient not 
vomit, use plenty of warm water containing car- 
bonate or bicarbonate of sodium, or mustard; 
follow this with white of egg and milk; solution 
of tannin or strong tea to form insoluble tan- 
nate; allay the abdominal pain by hot fomenta- 
tions, morphine or tincture of opium. 



CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES 

ACCORDING TO 

THEIR PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS. 



Alteratives. 

Acid, Arsenous. 
Acid, Hydriodic. 
Ammonium Benzoate. 
Antimony Salts. 
Arsenic and Mercury 

Iodide Solution. 
Arsenites andArsenates 
Calcium Chloride. 
Colchicum. 
Copper Salts. 
Creosote and its 

compounds. 
Gold Salts. 
Guaiacol and its 

compounds. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodides, 
lodipin. 
Iodoform. 

Manganese Dioxide. 
Mercurials. 

Potassium Bichromate. 
Potassium Chlorate. 
Pulsatilla. 
Sanguinaria. 



Silver Salts. 
Stillingia. 
Sulphur. 

Suprarenal Capsule. 
Xanthoxylum. 
Zinc Salts. 

Analgesics. See 

Anodynes, General. 

Axaphrodisiacs. 
Belladonna. 
Bromides. 
Bromipin. 
Camphor. 
Cocaine. 
Conium. 
Digitalis. 
Gelsemium. 
Hyoscyamus. 
Opium. 
Stramonium. 

Anesthetics, General. 

Chloroform. 

Ether. 

Ethyl Bromide. 

(Nitrous Oxide). 



165 



Anesthetics Local. 

Chloretone. 

Cocaine Hydrochloride. 

Ether Spray. 

Ethyl Chloride. 

Eucaine. 

Holocaine. 

Menthol. 

Tropacocaine. 

Anodynes, Genebal. 

Acetanilid. 

Acid, Salicylic. 

Aconitine. 

Antipyrine. 

Aspirin. 

Atropine. 

Bromides. 

Butyl-chloral Hydrate. 

Caffeine. 

Camphor Monobrom. 

Chloroform. 

Codeine. 

Gelseminine. 

Methylene Blue. 

Morphine Salts. 

Oil Gaultheria. 

Phenacetin. 

Anodynes, Local. 

Acid, Carbolic. 
Aconite, Tincture. 



Aconitine. 
Ammonia water. 
Atropine. 
Belladonna. 
Chloroform. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Guaiacol. 
Ichthyol. 

Antacids 

OR Alkalines. 

Calcium Carbonate. 
Lime Water. 
Lithium Carbonate. 
Magnesia. 

Magnesium Carbonate. 
Potassium Bicarbonate. 
Potassium Carbonate. 
Potassium Hydrate. 
Sodium Bicarbonate. 
Sodium Carbonate. 
Sodium Hydrate. 

Anthelmintics. 

Aloes. (Enema.) 

Aspidium. 

Chenopodium. 

Koussein. 

Naphtalin. 

Oil Turpentine. 

Extract Male Fern. 

Pelletierine Tannate. 

Pumpkin Seed. 

Quassia Infusion. 



166 

Santonin with Calomel. Atropine, 
Sodium Chloride. Lead Acetate. 

Sodium Santoninate. Picrotoxin, 
Spigelia. Quinine. 

Thymol. Salicin. 



Anti-emetics. 

Acid, Hj^drocyanic. 

Bismuth Subcarbonate. 

Bismuth Subnitrate. 

Bromides. 

Cerium Oxalate. 

Chloroform. 

Codeine. 

Ether. 

Menthol. 

Morphine. 

Orexine Tannate. 

Antigalactagogues. 

Agaricin. 

Belladonna. 

Camphor; topically. 

Conium. 

Jiirgot. 

Iodides. 

Saline Purgatives. 

Antihydrotics. 

Acid, Camphoric. 
Acid, Gallic. 
Acid, Tannic. 
Agaricin. 



Antilithics. 

Acid, Benzoic. 
Alkalies. 
Benzoates. 
Lithium Salts. 
Magnesium Citrate. 
Magnesium Oxide. 
Piperazine. 

Potassium Bicarbonate. 
Potassium Carbonate. 
Potassium Citrate. 
Sodium Bicarbonate. 
Sodium Phosphate. 
Sodium Salicylate. 

Antiparasitics. 
See Parasiticides. 
Antiperiodics. 

Acid, Arsenous. 
Acid, Picric. 
Arsenites. 

Berberine Carbonate. 
Cinchona and 

alkaloids. 
Methylene Blue. 
Quinine. 
Salicin. 



167 



AXTIPHLOGISTICS. 866 

also Antipyretics. 
Aconite, Tincture. 
Antimony-Potassium 

Tartrate. 
Gelsemium. 
Ichthyol; internally. 
Lead Salts. 
Opium, 

Antipyretics. 

Acetanilid. 
Acid, Benzoic. 
Acid, Carbolic. 
Acid, Salicylic. 
Aconite, Tincture. 
Ammonium Acetate: 

Solution. 
Ammonium Benzoate. 
Aspirin. 
Phenacetin. 
Quinine and Salts. 
Resorcin. 
Veratrum Viride, 

Tincture. 

Antiseptics. See also 
Disinfectants. 

Acetanilid. 

Acid, Benzoic; and 

Benzoates. 
Acid, Boric ;andBorates 
Acid, Carbolic. 
Acid, Picric. 



Aristol. 

Bismuth, Benzoate. 
Bismuth, Oxyiodide. 
Bismuth, Subgallate. 
Borolyptol. 
Chlorine Water. 
Creolin. 

Creosote and its com- 
pounds. 
Eucalyptol. 
Formaldehyde. 
Glycozone. 
Hydrogen Peroxide. 
Hydrozone. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodoform, 
lodole. 
Listerine. 

Magnesium Salicylate. 
Magnesium Sulphite. 
Mercury Bichloride. 
Mercury Chloride. 
Mercury Cyanide. 
Mercury Oxycyanide. 
Naphtalin. 
Naphtol. 
Oil Cade. 
Oil Eucalyptus. 
Oil Gaultheria. 
Oil Pinus Sylvestris. 
Oil Turpentine. 
Potassium Chlorate. 

Permanganate. 
Pyoktanin. 



168 



Quinine. 

Resorcin. 

Salol. 

Silver Citrate. 

Silver Nitrate. 

Sodium Biborate. 

Sodium Bisulphite. 

Sodium Salicylate. 

SodiumSulphocarbolate 

Sodium Thiosulphate. 

Tannoform. 

Terebene. 

Thymol. 

Xeroform. 

Zinc Carbolate. 

Zinc Permanganate. 

Zinc Sulphocarbolate. 

Antisialagogues. 

Atropine. 

Belladonna. 

Cocaine Hydrochloride. 

Myrrh. 

Opium. 

Potassium Chlorate. 

Sodium Borate. 



Camphor. 

Camphor Monobrom. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Chloroform. 

Coniine Hydrobromide. 
Eserine. 
Ether. 

Ethyl Bromide. 
.Ethyl Iodide. 
Hyoscine Hydrobro- 
mide. 
Hyoscyamus. 
Lactucarium. 
Lobelia. 
Lupulin. 
Morphine. 
Musk. 
Nitrites. 
Nitroglycerine. 
Opium. 
Paraldehyde. 
Pulsatilla: tincture. 
Stramonium. 
Zinc Valerianate. 

AXTITUBERCULARS. 



Antispasmodics. 



Acid, Cinnamic. 

Acid, Sulphurous. 
Acid, Camphoric. Arsenical Compounds., 

Ammonium Valerianate.Cantharidin. 
Amyl Nitrite. Cod-Liver Oil. 

Atropine. Creosote and its 

Bromides. compounds. 

Bromoform. Guaiacol and Salts. 



169 



Glycerinophosphates. 
Ichthyol. 

Iodoform, topically. 
Menthol. 
Methylene Blue. 
Sodium Cacodylate. 
Sodium Cinnamate. 
Sodium Formate: Sub- 
cutaneously. 

Antizymotics, 8ee An- 
tiseptics and Disin- 
fectants. 

Aperients. 8ee Cath- 
artics. 

Aphrodisiacs. 

Cantharides. 

Damiana. 

Glycerinophosphates. 

Gold. 

Nux Vomica. 

Phosphorus. 

Strychnine. 

Astringents. 

Acid, Chromic. 

Acid, Gallic. 

Acid, Lactic. 

Acid, Tannic. 

Alum. 

Aluminum Acetate: 

Solution. 
Aluminum Chloride. 



Aluminum Sulphate. 

Bismuth Salts. 

Copper Acetate. 

Copper Sulphate. 

Hydrastine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Hydrastis. 

Ichthyol. 

Iron Sulphate, and 
other iron salts. 

Lead Acetate, and other 
lead salts. 

Potassium Bichromate. 

Silver Citrate. 

Silver Nitrate. 

Zinc Acetate. 

Zinc Sulphate. 

Astringents, Intes- 
tinal, 

Acid Lactic. 
Acid Tannic. 
Bismuth Salts. 
Catechu. 
Geranium. 
Kino. 
Krameria. 
Lead Acetate. 
Silver Nitrate. 
Tannalbin. 

Cardiac Sedatives. 

Acid, Hydrocyanic. 
Aconite. 



170 



Antimony preparations, 

Chloroform. 

Digitalis. 

Gelsemium. 

Pilocarpine. 

Veratrine. 

Veratrum Viride. 

Cardiac Stimulants. 

Ammonia. 

Ammonium Carbonate. 

Atropine. 

Caffeine. 

Digitalis. 

Ether. 

Nitroglycerin. 

(Oxygen.) 

Sparteine Sulphate. 

Strophanthus. 

Strychnine. (Tonic) 

Carminatives. 

Anise. 

Calumba. 

Capsicum. 

Cardamom. 

Caraway. 

Cascarilla. 

Chamomile. 

Cinchona. 

Cinnamon. 

Cloves. 

Gentian. 

Ginger. 



Nutmeg. 

Xux Vomica. 

Oil Cajuput. 

Oil Mustard. 

Orange Peel. 

Orexine Tannate. 

Pepper. 

Pimenta. 

Quassia. 

Sassafras. 

Serpentaria. 

Cathartics. 

Laxatives: 

Cascara Sagrada. 

Figs. 

Glycerin. 

Magnesium Carbonate. 

Magnesium Oxide. 

Manna. 

Oil Almond, Expressed. 

Olive Oil. 

Rahmnus Cathart. 

Rhamnus Frang. 

Sulphur. 

Saline Purgatives : 

Magnesium Citrate. 
Magnesium Sulphate. 
Potassium Bitartrate. 
Potassium Tartrate. 
Potassium and Sodium. 

Tartrate. 
Sodium Phosphate. 



171 



Sodium Sulphate. 
Sodium Tartrate. 

Simple Purgatives: 

Aloes. 
Calomel. 
Castor Oil. 
Rhubarb. 
Senna. 

Drastic Cathartics: 

Colocynth. 

Elaterium. 

Euonynim. 

Gamboge. 

Jalap. 

Oil, Croton. 

Podophyllin. 

Scammony. 

Hydragogues : 

Drastic Cathartics in 

large doses. 
Saline Purgatives. 

CJwlagogues: 

Aloin. 

Euonynim. 

Leptandrin. 

Mercurials. 

Ox-Gall. 

Podophyllum. 

Caustics. See 
Escharotics. 



Cerebral Depres- 
s-ANTS. See also 
Narcotics. 

Anesthetics, general. 
Antispasmodics : several. 
Hypnotics. 
Narcotics. 

Cerebral Stimulants. 

Alcohol. 

Amyl Nitrite. 

Atropine. 

Belladonna. 

Caffeine. 

Cannabis. 

Coca. 

Cocaine. 

Coffee. 

Ether. 

Nitroglycerin. 

Strychnine. 

Cholagogues. See 
Cathartics : also Hepatic 
Stimulants. 

CoNSTRUCTivES. See 

Tonics. 
Counter-Irritants. 
See Irritants. 

Demulcents. 

Acacia. 

Albumin. 

Althea. 



172 



Cetraria. 

Chondrus. 

Elm. 

Flaxseed. 

Gelatin. 

Glycerin. 

Oil Almond Expressed. 

Oil Olive. 

Starch. 

Deoxidizers. {Reduc- 
ing Agents.) 

Acid, Pyrogallic. 

Ichthyol. 

Resorcin. 

Depilatories. 

Barimn Sulphide. 
Calcium Oxide. 
(Calcium Sulphydrate) 
Cautery. 

Sodium Ethylate. 
Sodium Sulphide. 

Diaphoretics and 
sudorifics. 

Acid, Salicylic and 

Salicylates. 
Aconite. 

Ammonium Acetate. 
Camphor. 
Dover's Powder. 
Ether. 
Guaiae. 



Opium. 

Pilocarpine Hydro- 
chloride. 
Potassium Citrate. 
Potassium Nitrite. 
Sodium Nitrite, 
Spirit Nitrous Ether. 
Veratrum Viride. 

Digestives. 

Acid, Hydrochloric. 

Acid, Lactic. 

Ingluvin. 

Lactopeptine. 

Malt. 

Orexin Tannate. 

Pancreatin. 

Papain. 

Pepsin. 

.Disinfectants. 8ee 
also Deodorants. 
Acid, Boric. 
Acid, Carbolic. 
Acid, Sulphurous. 
Aluminum Chloride. 
Ammonium P e r s u 1 

phate. 
Borates. 

Calcium Permanganate. 
Chlorine Water. 
Creolin. 
Eucalyptol. 
Formaldehyde. 
Glycozone. 



173 



Hydrogen Peroxide. 

Hydrozone. 

Iron Sulphate. 

Lime, Chlorinated. 

Mercury, Bichloride. 

Naphtol. 

Oil Eucalyptus. 

Potassium Permanga- 
nate. 

Solution Chlorinated 
Soda. 

Thymol. 

Zinch Chloride. 

Diuretics. 
Adonis Vernalis. 
Ammonium Acetate. 
Apocynum. 
Atropine. 
Belladonna. 
Cactus Grandiflorus. 
Caffeine. 
Convallamarin. 
I opaiba. 
Cubebs. 

Digitalis preparations. 
Diuretin. 
Juniper. 
Kava Kava. 
Lithium Salts. 
Matico. 
Nitrites. 
Oil Juniper 
Oil Santal. 
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. 



Piperazine. 
Potassium Acetate. 
Potassium Bitartrate. 
Potassium Citrate. 
Potassium Nitrate. 
Sodium Acetate. 
Sodium Nitrate. 
Sparteine Sulphate. 
Spirit Nitrous Ether. 
Squill. 

Strophanthus. 
Theobromme. 

EcBOLics. See 
Oxytocics. 

Emetics. 

Antimony and Potassi- 
um Tartrate. 

Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Copper Sulphate. 

Emetine. 

Ipecac. 

Mercury Subsulphate. 

Mustard with tepid wa- 
ter. 

Zinc Sulphate. 

Emmexagogues. 

Aloes. 

Cantharides. 
Ergot. 
Guaias. 

Iron Chloride and other 
salts of iron. 



174 



Manganese Dioxide. 

Myrrh, 

Pennyroyal. 

Potassium Permangan. 

Rue. 

Savine. 

Tansy. 

Errhines, (Sternuta 

tories). 
Cubebs. 
Sanguinarine. 
Veratrine. 
White Hellebore. 

ESCIIAROTICS. 

Caustics. 
Acid, Acetic Glacial. 
Acid, Arsenous. 
Acid, Carbolic. 
Acid, Carbolic, Iodized 
Acid, Chromic. 
Acid, Lactic. 
Acid, Nitric. 
Alum Burnt. 
Copper Sulphate. 
Iodine. 
Potassa. 
Silver Nitrate. 
Soda. 

Sodium Ethylate. 
Zinc Chloride. 

Expectorants. 
Acid, Benzoic. 



Ammoniac. 
Ammonium Carbonate. 

Ammonium Chloride. 
Ammonium Salicylate. 

Antimony and Potassi- 
um Tartrate. 

Antimony Salts in 
general. 

Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Balsam Tolu. 

Benzoates. 

Emetine in small doses. 

Glycyrrhizin, Ammoni- 
ated. 

Ipecac. 

Lobelia. 

Oil Turpentine. 

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. 

Potassium Iodide. 

Sanguinarine. 

Saponin. 

Senegin. 

Squill. 

Tar. 

Terebene. 

Galactagogues. 

Acid, Lactic. 
Alcohol. 

Ammonium Chloride. 
Castor Oil: topically. 
Extract Malt. 
Jaborandi. 



175 

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. Opium. 
Quinine. 
Gastric Tonics. 



(Stomachics.) 
Alkalies: before meals. 
Aromatics. 
Berberine Carbonate. 
Bismuth Salts. 
Bitters. 
Carminatives. 
Hydrastis. 
Iclithalbin. 
Nux Vomica. 
Orexine Tannate. 
Quassin. 

Hematinics. 
Arsenical Compounds. 
Ext. Bone Marrow. 
Hemo-gallol. 
Hemoglobin. 
Iron Compounds. 



Lessening Urea: 

Colchicum. 
Morphine. 
Opium. 
Quinine. 

Lessening Glycogen: 

Arsenic. 

Antimony. 

Codeine. 

Dionin. 

Morphine. 

Opium. 

Phosphorus. 

Hepatic Stimulants. 

Acid, Benzoic. 

Acid, Nitric. 

Acid, Nitrohydrochlor. 



Manganese Compounds, ^j^gg 

Sodium Cacodylate. Ammonium Chloride 

Hemostatics. 8ee ^myl Nitrite. 

Styptics and Hemo- Antimony. 
statics. 



Hepatic Depressants. 

Lessening Bile. 
Lead Acetate. 
Purgatives: Many of 

them. 
Morphine. 



Arsenic. 

Benzoates. 

Calomel. 

Colocynth. 

Euonynim. 

Podophyllin. 

Resin Jalap. 

Sanguinarine. 



176 



Sodium Bicarbonate. 
Sodium Phosphate. 
Sodium Salicj^ate. 
Sodium Sulphate. 

Hypnotics (Soporifics) 

Acetanilid. 
Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 
Bromides. 
Cannabin Tannate. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Chloralose. 
Chloretone. 
Codeine. 
Dionin. 

Duboisine Sulphate. 
Hyoscine Hydrobrom. 
Hyoscyamine. 
Morphine. 
Paraldehyde. 
Sulfonal. 
Trional. 
Urethane. 

Intestinal Astring- 
ents. 
See Astringents. 

Irritants. 
Rubefacients : 
Ammonia. 
Arnica. 
Capsicum. 
Iodine. 



Menthol. 

Mustard. 

Oil Turpentine. 

Oleoresin Capsicum. 

Pustulants: 
Antimony and Potas- 
sium Tartrate. 
Oil Croton. 
Silver Nitrate. 

Vesicants: 
Acid, Acetic, Glacial 
Cantharides. 
Chrysarobin. 
Oil Mustard. 

Laxatives. See 
Cathartics: 

Motor Depressants. 

^cid Hydrocyanic. 

Aconite. 

Amyl Nitrite. 

Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Bromides. 

•Bromipin. 

Bromoform. 

Chloral Hydrate. 

Chloroform (large 
doses). 

Coniine Hydrobromide. 

Gelsemium. 

Gold Bromide. 

Lobelia. 

Muscarine. 



177 



Nitrites. 
Nitroglycerin. 
Physostigmine (Eser- 

ine). 
Quinine (large doses). 
Sparteine Sulphate. 
Veratrum Viride. 

Motor Bxcitaists. 

Alcohol. . 
Atropine. 
Belladonna. 
Brucine. 
Camphor. 
Chloroform. 
Nux Vomica. 
Picrotoxin. 

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor 
g Pyridine. 
Strychnine. 



Mydriatics. 

Atropine. 

Homatropine Hydro- 
bromide. 

Hyoscine Hydrobrom. 

Scopolamine Hydro- 
bromide. 

Myotics. 

Arecoline Hydrobrom. 
Physostigmine. 

(Eserine.) 
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor, 



Narcotics. See also 
Hypnotics. 

Chloroform. 

Chloral Hydrate. 

Conium. 

Hyoscine. 

Hyoscyamine. 

Morphine. 

Opium. 

Stramonium. 

Oxytocics (EchoUcs). 

Cotton Root Bark. 
Ergot. 
Hydrastine. 
Hydrastinine Hydro- 
chloride. 
■ Pennyroyal. 
Quinine. 
Rue. 
Savine. 

Parasiticides. 
See Antiseptics and 
Disinfectants. 



Purgatives. 
thartics. 



See Ga- 



Refrigerants. 
Acid, Citric. 
Acid, Phosphoric, Dil. 
Acid, Tartaric. 
Ammonium Acetate. 
Magnesium Citrate. 



178 



Magnesium Sulphate. 
Potassium Bitartrate. 
Potassium Citrate. 
Potassium Nitrate. 
Potassium Tartrate. 
Sodium Nitrate. 
Sodium Tartrate. 

Resolvents {Dis- 
cutients) . 
Arsenic. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodides. 
Iodine, 
lodipin. 
lodole. 
Mercurials. 
Thiosinamine. 

Respiratory Depres- 
sants. 
Acid, Hydrocyanic. 
Aconite. 
Chloral. 
Chloroform. 
Conium. 
Gelsemium. 
Muscarine. 
Opium. 
Physostigma. 
Veratrum Viride. 

Respiratory Stimu- 
lants. 
Aspiodiosperma. 
(Quebracho). 



Aspidiospermine. 

Atropine. 

Caffeine. 

Cocaine. 

Strychnine. 

Restoratives. . See 
Hematinics, Tonics. 

Rubefacients. 8ee 

Irritants. 

Sedatives (Nerve). 

See also Depressants. 
Acetanilid. 
Acid, Hydrobromic. 
Amyl Nitrite. 
Antipyrin. 
Bromides. 
Bromipin. 
Bromoform. 
Butyl-Chloral Hydrate. 
Camphor. 
Camphor, Monobrom. 

Cardamom. 

Chloral Hydrate. 

Chloroform. 

Cocaine. 

Codeine. 

Conium. 

Ethyl Bromide. 

Hyoscine Hydrobrom. 

Hyoscyamine. 

Hyoscyamus. 

Lactucarium. 



179 



Lavender. 
Lobelia. 
Morphine. 
Paraldehyde. 
Scopolamine Hydro- 
bromide. 
Stramonium; tincture. 
Sulfonal. 
Urethane. 

Valerian and Valerian- 
ates. 

SlALAGOGUES. 

(Ptyalagogues) . 

Acids and Alkalies. 

Antimony Compounds. 

Capsicum. 

Ginger. 

Iodine Compounds. 

Mercurials. 

Muscarine. 

Mustard. 

Pilocarpine Hydrchlor. 

Pyrethrum. 

Soporifics. See 
Hypnotics. 

Spinal Stimulants. 
See also Motor Excit- 
ants. 

Alcohol. 

Atropine. 

Camphor: small doses. 

Nux Vomica. 



Picrotoxin. 
Strychnine. 

Sternutatories. See 
Errhines. 

Stomachics. 
See Gastric Tonics. 

Styptics and Hemo- 
statics. 

Acid, Gallic. 
Acid, Tannic. 
Adrenalin. 
Alum. 
Antipyrine. 
Copper Sulphate. 
Extract Suprarenal 
Capsule. 

Hamamelis. 

i^ydrastinine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Iron Chloride, Ferric. 

Iron Subsulphate. 

Iron Sulphate. 

Lead Acetate. 

Manganese Sulphate. 

Oil Turpentine. 

Silver Nitrate. 

Stypticin. 

Terpinol. 

SuDORiFics. See 
Diaphoretics. 

Teniafuges. See 
Anthelmintics. 



180 



Tonics, General. 
See also Hematinics. 



Vegetable Tonics 

Bitters. 

Berberine Carbonate. 

Cinchona Alkaloids and 

Salts. 
Cod-Liver Oil. 
Eucalyptus. 
Hydrastis, 
^^uassin. 
Salicin. 

Mineral Tonics: 



Ichthyol. 

Iron Compounds. 

Manganese Compounds. 

Phosphorus. 



Vaso-Coxstrictors. 

Adrenalin. 

Ergot. 

Extract Suprarenal 
Capsule. 

Hydrastinine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Stypticin. 



Vaso-Dilators. 
Amyl Nitrite. 



Acids, Mineral. 

Acid, Arsenous and its_ ^ 

Ether. 

Ac'id. Hypophosphorous Nitroglycerin 

Acid, Lactic. 

Bismuth Salts. ^ . .^ ^^.^ -c^-u^^ 

^ , . ^1 . v, . Spirit Nitrous Ether 
Calcium Glycermophos. ^ 

Copper Salts; small \rERMiciDES. See 

doses. 

Gold Salts. 

Glycerinophosphates 

Hypophosphites. 



Potassium Nitrite. 
Sodium Nitrite." 



Anthelmintics. 

Vesicants. See 
tants. 



Irri- 



PHYSIOLOGICAL POINTS FOR PRACTI- 
TIONERS. 



Fbequency of Heart Beat. 


Per Minute 


Horse 


30—45 


Ox 


40—50 


Ass 


45—52 


Pig, Sheep, Goat 


70—80 


Dog 


70—120 


Cat 


120—140 


Man 


60—80 


Horse, after trotting 


60—80 


Horse, after galloping 


80—100 


Calf, 2 weeks, about 


70 


Calf, 6 weeks, about 


65 


Calf, 6 mos.-12 mos., about 55 — 65 


Elephant 


25—28 


Camel 


30 


Lion 


40—50 


Rabbit 


140—160 


Birds 


120—140 


Frog 


60 


Fish 


20—25 


(Ellenberger 


and Scheunei 


Respiratory Frequence. 


Per Minute 


Horse 


8—16 


Cattle 


10—30 


Sheep and Goat 


12—20 


Swine 


8—18 


Dog 


15—20 


Cat 


24 


Man 


15—20 


Tiger 


6 


Lion 


10 



182 



Monkey- 


19 


Rabbit 


55 


Guinea pig and rat 


100—150 


Hen 


40—50 


Pigeon 


50—70 



Body Temperature. 

(Average Rectal Temperature), 



Horse 100. °2 




Ass 98. °5 




Cow 101.°5 




Sheep 104.° - 


-105.° 


Goat 103.° 




Pig 101. °7- 


-103.° 3 


Dog 101.° - 


-102.° 


Cat 101. °7 




Rabbit 101. ° 7- 


-102.°5 


Guinea-pig 101. ° 7- 


-102.° 6 


Fowl 106. °9- 


-109.° 


Duck 107. °8- 


-110.° 5 


DuRATioN OF Pregnancy. 




Mare 330—340 days 




Ass 348—377 days 




Cow 270—285 days 




Sheep and Goat 145 — 155 days 




Sow 115—120 days 




Bitch 58— 65 days 




Cat 54— 62 days 





183 
Rkd Corpuscles per Cubic Millimeter of Blood. 



Horse 


7,431,200 


(average from 10 investigators) 


Colt 


9,390,000 


(Storch) 


Cow 


6,022,700 


(average from 7 investigators) 


Calves 


8,523,000 


(Storch) 


Sheep 


10,439,000 


(average from 5 investigators) 


Lambs 


11,032,000 


(Storch) 


Goat 


14,507,000 


(average from 6 investigators) 


Swine 


7,407,640 


(average from 5 investi:rators) 


Dog 


6,240,625 


(average from 16 investigators) 


Cat 


7,828,000 


(average from 4 investigators) 


Rabbit 


5,668,320 


(average from 10 investigators) 


Guinea Pig 


4,983,250 


(average from 6 investigators) 


Fowl 


3,064,500 


(average from 9 investigators) 


Leucocytes per C 


UBic Millimeter of Blood. 


Horse 


9,473 


(average from 11 investigators) 


Colts 


14,034 


(Storch) 


Cow 


8,133 


(average from 5 investigators) 


Calves 


15,739 


(Storch) 


Sheep 


7,140 


(average from 4 investigators) 


Lambs 


10,198 


(Storch) 


Goat 


9.750 


(average from 3 investigators) 


Swine 


13,420 


(average from 2 investigators) 


Dog 


11,370 


(average from 15 investigators) 


Ca. 


12,410 


(average from 5 investigators) 


Rabbit 


9,161 


(average from 12 investigators) 


Guinea Pig 


9,145 


(average from 5 investigators) 


Fowl 


26,723 


(average from 7 investigators) 



184 
SizK OF Red Corpuscles. 



Horse 

Cow 

Sheep 

Goat 

Swine 

Dog 

Cat 

Rabbit 

Guinea 

Fowl 12 



Pig 
62// lo 



5.6o/< (average from 5 investigators) 
5.85(< (average from 4 investigators) 
4.90;/ (average from 4 investigators) 
3.96/!/ (agerage ironi 5 investigators) 
6.19// (average from 3 investigators) 
7.20// (average-irom 6 investigators) 
6 03// (average from 5 investigators) 
6.S0'/ (average from 5 investigators) 
7.52// (average from 4 investigators) 
7.25// wide (average from 7 investigators) 



Composition of Milk. 





Water 


Solids 


Proteid 


Fat 


Sugar 


Salts 


Sp. Gr. 




% ■ 


% 


% 


. % 


% 


% 




Woman 


87.58 


12.42 


2.01 


3.74 


6.37 


0.30 


1.0298 


Cow 


87.27 


12.73 


3.39 


3.68 


4.94 


0.72 


1.0313 


Mare 


90.26 


9.74 


1.86 


1.06 


6.50 


0.32 


1.0348 


Ass 


90.12 


9.88 


1.85 


1.37 


6.19 


0.47 


1.033 


Sheep 


83.57 


16.43 


5.15 


6.18 


4.17 


0.93 


1.0355 


Goat 


• 86.88 


13.12 


3.7b 


4.07 


4.44 


0.85 


1.0329 


Swine 


82.37 


16.73 


6.09 


6.44 


4.04 


1.06 




Bitch 


77.00 


23.00 


9.72 


9.26 


3.11 


0.91 




Cat 


81.63 


18.37 


9.08 


3.33 


4.91 


0.58 




Rabbit 


69.50 


30.50 


15.54 


10.45 


1.95 


2.56 





(Ellenberger and Scheunert.) 



185 



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